Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Dust Removal from Solar Panels Without Using Water
Climate change has increased desertification, which has resulted in the spread of dust and sand particles that negatively affect solar panel efficiency. Solar photovoltaic modules can be affected significantly by dust deposition, affecting their efficiency and performance. Using water-based cleaning methods, however, can be costly and harmful to the environment. Through this project, which extends for a number of years, we are looking for innovative, effective, economical, and sustainable methods that do not depend on water resources for cleaning solar panels. Electrostatic technologies are primarily tested in this project to repel dust particles from the surface of solar panels using electrical charges. Electric charges are created on the panel surface, repelling dust particles and causing them to fall off. In addition to removing dust from solar panels, this method also reduces the need for water-based cleaners.
  • 2.6K
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Sal
Scientific name: Shorea robusta Gaertn. f. Family: Dipterocarpaceae Centre of origin: Southern Asia Common name: Sal, Sakwa, Sakhua,Shal, Borsal, Sagua, Sakhu
  • 2.6K
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Electrospun Nanofibers
Electrospun nanofibers have become the most promising building blocks for future high-performance electronic devices because of the advantages of larger specific surface area, higher porosity, more flexibility, and stronger mechanical strength over conventional film-based materials.
  • 2.6K
  • 09 May 2022
Topic Review
Antifungal/Antibacterial Activity of Peppermint Oil and Cornmint Oil
The genus mint (Mentha) belongs to the Lamiaceae family and includes 42 species, 15 hybrids, and hundreds of subspecies, varieties, and cultivars, which potentially crossbreed when in proximity. Different mints are known for a reasonably high content of essential oils (EO), which are deposited in the glandular trichomes, mostly located on the adaxial surface of their leaves. There are two well-known, so-called menthol mints in cultivation: Mentha x piperita L. (Hudson): peppermint—MP, and Mentha arvensis L., (syn. M. canadensis L., Japanese mint): cornmint—MA.
  • 2.6K
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Instrument Mechanic
Instrument mechanics in engineering are tradesmen who specialize in installing, troubleshooting, and repairing instrumentation, automation and control systems. The term "Instrument Mechanic" came about because it was a combination of light mechanical and specialised instrumentation skills. The term is still is used in certain industries; predominantly in industrial process control.
  • 2.6K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Chinese Emperors Family Tree (Middle)
The following is a family tree of China emperors (420-1279), from the Northern and Southern dynasties period, of first half of the fifth century AD, until the conquest of China by the Mongols under Kublai Khan, and the end of the Southern Song dynasty in 1279. Chinese emperors family tree (ancient) → Chinese emperors family tree (early) → Chinese emperors family tree (middle) → Chinese emperors family tree (late)
  • 2.6K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Description and Phytoconstituents of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.
Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn., also called the washnut, is a tropical tree of the Sapindaceae family. The plant owes its name to its cleaning and washing properties used by the local population as a natural detergent. The most important ingredients of the plant are triterpenoid saponins contained in many parts of the plant, inducing fruits, galls, or roots. The tree also contains other valuable, biologically active compounds that are obtained by extraction methods. Raw or purified extract and isolated saponins are valuable plant products that can be used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and chemical industries.
  • 2.6K
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Map Projections Classification
Many books, textbooks and papers have been published in which the classification of map projections is based on auxiliary (developable) surfaces and projections are divided into conic, cylindrical and azimuthal projections.
  • 2.6K
  • 13 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Plug-in Electric Vehicles in Sweden
The adoption of plug-in electric vehicles in Sweden is actively supported by the Government of the Kingdom of Sweden. (As of December 2020), a total of 217,704 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles have been registered since 2011, consisting of 148,889 plug-in hybrids, 62,870 all-electric cars, and 5,945 fully electric commercial vans. Sweden has ranked among the world's top ten best-selling plug-in markets since 2015, listed through 2019 as the ninth largest country market. (As of December 2019), the Swedish stock of plug-in passenger cars listed as the sixth largest in Europe. The Swedish plug-in electric market is dominated by plug-in hybrids, representing 75.1% of the Swedish light-duty plug-in electric vehicle registrations through 2018, but began to slightly decline afterwards, reaching 70.3% in 2020. The market share of plug-in electric vehicles climbed from 0.57% in 2013 to 1.53% of new car sales in the country in 2014. The segment market share reached 2.5% in 2015, rose to 5.2% in 2017, 11.3% in 2019, and achieved a record of 32.2% in 2020.
  • 2.6K
  • 05 Nov 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi as Inspiration for Sustainable Technology
This review illuminates established knowledge of root–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)–plant mutualism to study the uptake of phosphorus (P) as a critical element for plant nutrition. We focus on P cycling, underscoring the role of AMF in enhancing P acquisition and plant resilience in the rhizosphere. The role(s) of plant roots, root exudates, and biomolecules in relevant soil processes is emphasized in this manuscript. Enhancing P uptake efficiency through AMF interaction presents a promising avenue for sustainable agriculture, with future research opportunities focusing on understanding underlying mechanisms and developing innovative technologies as a need to transition from the use of AMF as a biofertilizer or as an inoculation alternative for seeds to being an inspiration for the development of technology adapted to different crops. This is important to promote responsible agricultural practices and improve crop yields. We provide definitions of key terms and concepts for one of the best-known natural sustainable phosphorus systems. This manuscript illuminates and aims to inspire technology development to overcome the challenge of plant nutrition under P scarcity conditions.
  • 2.6K
  • 31 Jul 2024
Topic Review
AEM for Alkali Metal–Air Batteries
Rechargeable alkali metal-air batteries have enormous potential in energy storage applications due to their high energy densities, low-cost and environment friendliness. Membrane separators determine the performance and economic viability of these batteries. Usually, porous membrane separators taken from lithium-based batteries are used. Moreover, composite and cation-exchange membranes have been tested. However, crossover of unwanted species (such as zincate ions in zinc-air flow batteries) and/or low hydroxide ions conductivity are major issues to be overcome. On the other hand, state-of-art Anion-Exchange Membranes (AEMs) have been applied to meet the current challenges with regard to rechargeable zinc-air batteries, which has received the most attention among alkali metal-air batteries. The recent advances and remaining challenges of AEMs for these batteries are critically discussed. Correlation between the properties of the AEMs and performance and cyclability of the batteries has been established.
  • 2.6K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Damages in Hydraulic Turbines
Failure can be defined as any change in a machinery part or component that results in its inability to execute its intended function satisfactorily. Machines are the core of every production line. Failure of the equipment carries a huge cost, which is not limited to wasting money and time on directly repairing equipment, but also includes the cost of unused equipment and the cost of lost unemployment benefits. Kaplan turbines, as one of the well-known hydraulic turbines, are generally utilized worldwide for low-head and high-flow conditions. Any failure in each of the turbine components can result in long-term downtime and high repair costs.
  • 2.6K
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Systems of Social Stratification
Detailed anthropological and sociological studies have been made about customs of patrilineal inheritance, where only male children can inherit. Some cultures also employ matrilineal succession, where property can only pass along the female line, most commonly going to the sister's sons of the decedent; but also, in some societies, from the mother to her daughters. Some ancient societies and most modern states employ egalitarian inheritance, without discrimination based on gender and/or birth order.
  • 2.6K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Rice Husk Reinforced Polymer Composites
Rice (Oryza sativa L. genus) is the primary source of daily food intake and has become the world’s second most important cereal crop sector due to the demand of billions of human beings. Rice husk (RH) should never be burned, due to various reasons, such as the ashes, harmful gases, and fumes that contribute to air pollution. Typically, the RH can be used as biochar, extracted silica, or husk itself. In general, RH is a hull to protect seeds or grains. It is formed from rigid materials, is water-insoluble, and is abrasive, with a high level of cellulose–silica structures. The exterior of the hulls consists of silica covered with a cuticle, with a small amount of silica content at the innermost epidermis. The exploitation of RH residues in biocomposites offers multiple advantages, for example, reducing the relative amount of constituents derived from synthetic polymers, such as resin polymers and some additives. The tensile strength is mainly used to evaluate the strength behavior of a composite material. 
  • 2.6K
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Narrowband Internet of Things
Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is one of the low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technologies that aim to support enormous connections, featuring wide-area coverage, low power consumption, and low costs. NB-IoT could serve a massive number of IoT devices, but with very limited radio resources. Therefore, how to enable a massive number of IoT devices to transmit messages periodically, and with low latency, according to transmission requirements, has become the most crucial issue of NB-IoT.
  • 2.6K
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Gargoyle
In architecture, a gargoyle (/ˈɡɑːrɡɔɪl/) is a carved or formed grotesque:6–8 with a spout designed to convey water from a roof and away from the side of a building, thereby preventing rainwater from running down masonry walls and eroding the mortar between. Architects often used multiple gargoyles on a building to divide the flow of rainwater off the roof to minimize the potential damage from a rainstorm. A trough is cut in the back of the gargoyle and rainwater typically exits through the open mouth. Gargoyles are usually an elongated fantastical animal because the length of the gargoyle determines how far water is directed from the wall. When Gothic flying buttresses were used, aqueducts were sometimes cut into the buttress to divert water over the aisle walls.
  • 2.6K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
GADD45A
The growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45 alpha (GADD45A) gene encodes a 165 aa protein localized in the nucleus, whose level is highest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, with a substantial reduction in S. The involvement of GADD45A in the cell cycle regulation and interaction with other proteins underline its function in the cellular DNA damage response and maintaining genomic stability, which, in turn, determines its high potential in cancer transformation. The protective role of GADD45A in DNA damage-induced tumorigenesis is the main biological function of this protein, but exact mechanism of it is not known. Emerging evidence suggests that GADD45A may be important in breast cancer and several molecular pathways were reported to underline this importance, including Ras, mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (MAPK8), JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) and p38. GADD45A may play a tumor-suppressor role by induction of senescence and apoptosis in cancer cells. However, it was also shown that GADD45A may promote tumorigenesis via the GSK3 β (glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta)/β-catenin signaling. Therefore, GADD45A may function as either a tumor promotor or suppressor, depending on the kind of oncogenic stress, and these two functions are mediated by different signaling pathways.
  • 2.6K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Lactic Acid Bacteria in Raw-Milk Cheeses
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are of great economic importance because they play an important role throughout the fermentation process of traditional cheeses when added accidentally or intentionally. Their metabolic features not only contribute to the development of desirable sensory characteristics of food products but also allow the nutritional value of the raw material to be maintained or even enhanced.
  • 2.6K
  • 05 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Binary Adder
An adder, or summer, is a digital circuit that performs addition of numbers. In many computers and other kinds of processors adders are used in the arithmetic logic units (ALUs). They are also used in other parts of the processor, where they are used to calculate addresses, table indices, increment and decrement operators and similar operations. Although adders can be constructed for many number representations, such as binary-coded decimal or excess-3, the most common adders operate on binary numbers. In cases where two's complement or ones' complement is being used to represent negative numbers, it is trivial to modify an adder into an adder–subtractor. Other signed number representations require more logic around the basic adder.
  • 2.6K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Additive Manufacturing Processes Classification
Additive manufacturing is an important and promising process of manufacturing due to its increasing demand in all industrial sectors, with special relevance in those related to metallic components since it permits the lightening of structures, producing complex geometries with a minimum waste of material. There are different techniques involved in additive manufacturing that must be carefully selected according to the chemical composition of the material and the final requirements.
  • 2.6K
  • 10 Mar 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 2799
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback