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Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Childhood-Onset Myasthenia
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is understood to be a neuromuscular disorder caused by an immune disturbance at the neuromuscular junction, which results in symptoms such as muscle weakness and fatigue.
  • 578
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Vaccines in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is a problem for women’s health globally. Early detection techniques come in a variety of forms ranging from local to systemic and from non-invasive to invasive. The treatment of cancer has always been challenging despite the availability of a wide range of therapeutics. This is either due to the variable behaviour and heterogeneity of the proliferating cells and/or the individual’s response towards the treatment applied. However, advancements in cancer biology and scientific technology have changed the course of the cancer treatment approach.
  • 577
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Deep Learning Applications for Cutaneous Melanoma
Melanoma is among the most devastating human malignancies. Therefore, providing precise diagnosis and prognosis is crucial to offer effective treatment. Histopathology is the gold standard for establishing melanoma diagnosis and prognostic features. However, this analysis can be time-consuming and costly, and discrepancies often exist between pathologists. To address this issue, deep-learning algorithms have been developed to enhance the accuracy of melanoma diagnosis and prognostication from histological images. The advancement of these machine-learning tools has been rapid, and they are poised to become a valuable clinical resource for aiding melanoma histopathology.
  • 567
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Calcium Phosphate and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease
Excessive phosphate is proposed to reduce Complex I function of the mitochondrial electron transport chain in Parkinson’s disease and is linked to opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, resulting in increased reactive oxygen species, inflammation, DNA damage, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and ATP depletion causing cell death. Parkinson’s disease is associated with α-synuclein and Lewy body dementia, a secondary tauopathy related to hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, and tauopathy is among several pathophysiological pathways shared between Parkinson’s disease and diabetes. Excessive phosphate is also associated with ectopic calcification, bone mineral disorders, and low levels of serum vitamin D in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Sarcopenia and cancer in Parkinson’s disease patients are also associated with phosphate toxicity. Additionally, Parkinson’s disease benefits are related to low dietary phosphate intake.
  • 564
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles and Renal Fibrosis
Renal fibrosis is a complex disorder characterized by the destruction of kidney parenchyma. There is currently no cure for this devastating condition. It has been demonstrated that extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated crosstalk between various kidney cells has an essential role in the development of renal fibrosis. Importantly, EVs released from various mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and other cell sources have emerged as a powerful cell-free therapy in different models of renal fibrosis due to their antifibrotic characteristics and tissue regeneration capacity. 
  • 563
  • 19 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Clinical Presentation of Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy
The diagnosis of primary mitochondrial myopathy is often delayed by years due to non-specific clinical symptoms as well as variable testing of mitochondrial disorders. Although a range of symptoms within a clinical presentation may exist in primary mitochondrial myopathy (PMM), there are prominent features to consider when evaluating patients for mitochondrial myopathy. Additionally, PMM is a progressive disease, with symptoms worsening over time, and with the possibility of newer symptoms developing as the disease progresses.
  • 560
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Painful Obstructive Chronic Pancreatitis Treatment
There is limited evidence on the standard care for painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis (CP), while comparisons of endoscopic and surgical modes for pain relief have yielded conflicting results from small sample sizes.
  • 559
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Pneumococcal illnesses in seniors
Pneumococcal pneumonia (PP) and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) are important causes of morbidity and mortality in seniors worldwide. Incidence rates and serious outcomes worsen with increasing frailty, numbers of risk factors and decreasing immune competence with increasing age. The introduction of protein-conjugated pneumoccal vaccines (PCV) for children markedly reduced IPD and PP in seniors, but serotypes not included in vaccines and with previously low levels increased. Pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPV23) vaccination does not change nasal and pharyngeal carriage rates. Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination rates in seniors are below guideline levels, especially in older seniors and nursing home staff. Pneumococcal and influenza carriage and vaccination rates of family members, nursing home health care workers and other contacts are unknown. National vaccination programmes are effective in increasing vaccination rates. Detection of IPD and PP initially depend on clinical symptoms and new chest X ray infiltrates and then varies according to the population and laboratory tests used. To understand how seniors and especially older seniors acquire PP and IPD data are needed on pneumococcal disease and carriage rates in family members, carers and contacts. Nursing homes need reconfiguring into small units with air ventilation externally from all rooms to minimise respiratory disease transmission and dedicated staff for each unit to minimise transmision of infectious diseaases.
  • 546
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
LncRNAs for Multiple Myeloma
MM is a hematological neoplasm that is still considered an incurable disease. Besides established genetic alterations, recent studies have shown that MM pathogenesis is also characterized by epigenetic aberrations, such as the gain of de novo active chromatin marks in promoter and enhancer regions and extensive DNA hypomethylation of intergenic regions, highlighting the relevance of these non-coding genomic regions. A recent study described how long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) correspond to 82% of the MM transcriptome and an increasing number of studies have demonstrated the importance of deregulation of lncRNAs in MM. 
  • 539
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
Biological Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosis Based on Amyloid Status
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was first characterized by Dr. Alois Alzheimer in 1906 by studying a demented patient and discovering cerebral amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Subsequent research highlighted the roles of Aβ peptides and tau proteins, which are the primary constituents of these lesions, which led to the amyloid cascade hypothesis. Technological advances, such as PET scans using Florbetapir, have made it possible to visualize amyloid plaques in living patients, thus improving AD’s risk assessment. The National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer’s Association introduced biological diagnostic criteria in 2011, which underlined the amyloid deposits diagnostic value. However, potential confirmation bias may have led researchers to over-rely on amyloid markers independent of AD’s symptoms, despite evidence of their limited specificity. 
  • 535
  • 26 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Clustering Solid Tumors Based on Autophagy-Related Genes
There has been a boost in autophagy reports due to its role in cancer progression and its association with tumor resistance to treatment. The availability of large cancer datasets has provided an extensive evidence-based approach to understanding the role of autophagy-related genes in various human cancers and their clinical implications, including cancer progression, development, and treatment response.
  • 521
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
LncRNAs Targeting the Coagulation System
Venous thromboembolism (VTE), a common condition in Western countries, is a cardiovascular disorder that arises due to haemostatic irregularities, which lead to thrombus generation inside veins. Even with successful treatment, the resulting disease spectrum of complications considerably affects the patient’s quality of life, potentially leading to death. Cumulative data indicate that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) may have a role in VTE pathogenesis.
  • 516
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Chemical-Induced Crohn's Disease in Rodents
Crohn's disease, a complex and chronic inflammatory bowel disorder, has prompted extensive research into its multifactorial etiology. While genetic factors and dysregulated immune responses have been central to understanding this disease, emerging evidence suggests that certain environmental factors, particularly chemical exposures, may contribute significantly to its development. This research examines the body of research pertaining to chemical-induced Crohn's disease in rodent models, aiming to shed light on potential links between specific chemicals and Crohn's disease-like manifestations in these animals. Several chemicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease in rodent studies. Triclosan, a common antimicrobial agent, has been shown to disrupt the gut microbiota and induce intestinal inflammation. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), persistent organic pollutants, exacerbated colonic inflammation in mouse models. Bisphenol A (BPA), a ubiquitous plastic component, led to increased gut permeability and dysbiosis in mice. Sodium dextran sulfate (DSS), while intentionally used to induce colitis, shares pathological features with Crohn's disease. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been demonstrated to exacerbate colitis-like symptoms in rodents. Key mechanisms include dysbiosis, intestinal barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation, mirroring features observed in human Crohn's disease. However, caution must be exercised in translating these findings to humans, recognizing the complex interplay of genetic predisposition and multiple environmental factors. Further research is warranted to delineate dose-response relationships, genetic interactions, and real-world relevance. Regulatory actions and alternative animal models should also be considered to advance our understanding and mitigate potential risks associated with chemical exposures. Ultimately, the insights gleaned from these models offer hope for improved prevention and management strategies for Crohn's disease.
  • 511
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 and Other Respiratory Viruses in Olfactory Pathophysiology
Acute respiratory viruses (ARVs) are the leading cause of diseases in humans worldwide. High-risk individuals, including children and the elderly, could potentially develop severe illnesses that could result in hospitalization or death in the worst case. The most common ARVs are the Human respiratory syncytial virus, Human Metapneumovirus, Human Parainfluenza Virus, rhinovirus, coronaviruses (including SARS and MERS CoV), adenoviruses, Human Bocavirus, enterovirus (-D68 and 71), and influenza viruses. The olfactory deficits due to ARV infection are a common symptom among patients. 
  • 511
  • 18 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Inferior Vena Cava Leiomyosarcoma
Leiomyosarcomas (LMSs) are malignant neoplasms of soft muscle differentiation that can be classified into five distinct groups according to site-related origin: intra-abdominal, subcutaneous or deep soft tissue of the limbs, cutaneous, external genitalia, and vascular.
  • 509
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Epithelioid Haemangioendothelioma
Epithelioid haemangioendothelioma (EHE) is an ultra-rare malignant vascular tumour with a prevalence of 1 per 1,000,000. It develops from endothelial cells, which are the cells that line all blood vessels in the body. Therefore, it typically expresses endothelial cell markers. It can also be identified through analysis of the genes. Two genes, WWTR1 and CAMTA1, are broken and fused together in 90% of cases. Alternatively, in approximately 10% of cases, the genes that are broken and fused together are YAP1 and TFE3. 
  • 508
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Genistein’s Effects in Preclinical Models of Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer is the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer among women worldwide. While treatments exist to stop growth of cervical cancer in humans, they are often associated with major side effects and the development of resistance to therapy. Traditionally, plant-derived compounds have been used to treat many ailments, including cancer. The search for novel plant-derived chemicals is important, as they can potentially provide effective treatment with less severe side effects and importantly overcome drug resistance. Genistein and its analogues have been shown to decrease survival and proliferation as well as induce cell death in cell culture models of cervical cancer and reduce tumor volume in a mouse model. 
  • 504
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Exosomes and Microvesicles in Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease, characterized by persistent joint inflammation, leading to cartilage and bone destruction. Autoantibody production is directed to post-translational modified (PTM) proteins, i.e., citrullinated or carbamylated. Autophagy may be the common feature in several types of stress (smoking, joint injury, and infections) and may be involved in post-translational modifications (PTMs) in proteins and the generation of citrullinated and carbamylated peptides recognized by the immune system in RA patients, with a consequent breakage of tolerance. 
  • 503
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Ribosome Heterogeneity in Normal Cellular Function
The traditional perception of ribosomes as uniform molecular machines has been revolutionized by recent discoveries, revealing a complex landscape of ribosomal heterogeneity. Opposing the conventional belief in interchangeable ribosomal entities, emerging studies underscore the existence of specialized ribosomes, each possessing unique compositions and functions. Factors such as cellular and tissue specificity, developmental and physiological states, and external stimuli, including circadian rhythms, significantly influence ribosome compositions.
  • 498
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Long Telomeric Repeat-Containing RNA
Telomere dysfunction is implicated in vascular aging and shorter leucocyte telomeres are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. Another pathophysiological mechanism that explains the causal relationship between telomere shortening and atherosclerosis development focuses on the clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP), which represents a new and independent risk factor in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Since telomere attrition has a central role in driving vascular senescence, understanding telomere biology is essential to modulate the deleterious consequences of vascular aging and its cardiovascular disease-related manifestations. Emerging evidence indicates that a class of long noncoding RNAs transcribed at telomeres, known as TERRA for “TElomeric Repeat-containing RNA”, actively participates in the mechanisms regulating telomere maintenance and chromosome end protection. However, the multiple biological functions of TERRA remain to be largely elucidated. 
  • 496
  • 06 Dec 2023
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