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Topic Review
Thermochemical Recycling of Plastic Wastes to Alternative Fuels
Due to its resistance to natural degradation and decomposition, plastic debris perseveres in the environment for centuries. As a lucrative material for packing industries and consumer products, plastics have become one of the major components of municipal solid waste today. The recycling of plastics is becoming difficult due to a lack of resource recovery facilities and a lack of efficient technologies to separate plastics from mixed solid waste streams. This has made oceans the hotspot for the dispersion and accumulation of plastic residues beyond landfills. 
  • 2.9K
  • 27 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Theophory in the Bible
Theophory refers to the practice of embedding the name of a god or a deity in, usually, a proper name. Much Hebrew theophory occurs in the Bible, particularly in the Old Testament. The most prominent theophory involves names referring to: El, a word meaning might, power and (a) god in general, and hence in Judaism, God and among the Canaanites the name of the god who was the father of Baal. Yah, a shortened form of Yahweh. Levantine deities (especially the storm god, Hadad) by the epithet baal, meaning lord. In later times, as the conflict between Yahwism and the more popular pagan practices became increasingly intense, these names were censored and baal was replaced with bosheth, meaning "shame".
  • 2.9K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Tarantula
Tarantulas comprise a group of large and often hairy spiders of the family Theraphosidae. Currently, 1,010 species have been identified. The term "tarantula" is usually used to describe members of the family Theraphosidae, although many other members of the same infraorder (Mygalomorphae) are commonly referred to as "tarantulas" or "false tarantulas". Some of the more common species have become popular in the exotic pet trade. Many New World species kept as pets have setae known as urticating hairs that can cause irritation to the skin, and in extreme cases, cause damage to the eyes.
  • 2.9K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Thin Film Superconductors
Thin superconducting films have been a significant part of superconductivity research for more than six decades. They have had a significant impact on the existing consensus on the microscopic and macroscopic nature of the superconducting state. Thin-film superconductors are frequently considered to be Type II superconductors even when they are from Type I materials because of the strong effect of the stray magnetic fields outside the superconductive sample. Thin films can be defined as materials, where one dimension is highly constrained relative to the other two dimensions or a system whose properties are determined by the surface energy. Thin films consist of two main components: the microstructure and the surface morphology. The microstructure refers to the microscopic crystal structure of the thin film. Thin films fabrication has a virtually unlimited ability to synthesise materials with new or improved properties. This means new devices and applications can be realized.
  • 2.9K
  • 06 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Robots in STEAM Education
Robotics is increasingly entering the field of education. The tools, methods, and approaches of robotics contribute to the development of all areas of STEAM education, both individually and interdisciplinary. The entry highlights the robots that are most effective in STEAM education and to classify robots used in education in terms of their frequency of use, features, flexibility, manufacturer, sensors, software, programming language, connection, recommended age, usefulness in education, and their cost. It turned out that there are packages for building robots, pre-assembled robots, and social robots. Their form can be animal, human, car, etc., and they have various properties; for example, they can move and fly. Moreover, most of the robots proposed for education use block-based programming; for example, the Scratch language. Common features of robots are that the robot follows a path, reacts to sounds, and recognizes obstacles, with various sensors; for example, vision. Finally, it turned out to be necessary to design an activity guide for each lesson, which will be accompanied by instructions and specific steps for teachers and students.
  • 2.9K
  • 06 Apr 2023
Biography
Gennady Zyuganov
Gennady Andreyevich Zyuganov (Russian: Генна́дий Андре́евич Зюга́нов; born 26 June 1944) is a Russia n communist politician who has been the leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation since 1993. He has been Chairman of the Union of Communist Parties - Communist Party of the Soviet Union (UCP-CPSU) since 2001, a deputy in the State Duma since 1993, and a m
  • 2.9K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Principles and Characteristics of NIR Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy technology is a popular method for quantitative and qualitative analysis in fields such as agricultural products and foods by combining with various chemometric methods. In fact, this is the application basis for spectroscopy and spectral imaging techniques in other fields such as genetics and transgenic monitoring. There has been considerable research using spectroscopy (especially near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy) for the effective identification of agricultural products and foods. The principles and characteristics of NIR spectroscopy and its applications in the detection of transgenic agricultural products and foods are described.
  • 2.9K
  • 03 Mar 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Anthropology of Food: History, Topics, and Trajectories to Understand a Discipline
The anthropology of food is a sub-field of cultural anthropology interested in studying food and foodways. This article provides a concise overview of the anthropology of food, tracing its development from the early twentieth century to contemporary debates and emerging research trajectories. Drawing on foundational work by figures such as Boas and Malinowski, it shows how early anthropologists approached food as integral to understanding social organization, kinship, and cultural meaning. As the field evolved, structuralist, materialist, feminist, and political-economic perspectives broadened its scope, highlighting the symbolic significance of cuisine, the interplay between environment and subsistence, and the pivotal role of gender and class in shaping food practices. In recent decades, the anthropology of food has engaged intensively with globalization, investigating how transnational flows reshape culinary identities, local economies, and cultural heritage, as well as other significant topics. At the same time, emerging themes—such as multispecies perspectives, sensory studies, and the application of innovative methodologies—offer new lenses for understanding how food mediates relationships between humans, non-human beings, and environments. By examining case studies spanning regions from Africa and Asia to Europe and the Americas, this article illustrates how contemporary anthropologists use food as a prism to investigate cultural identity, social change, ethical relations, and the complex entanglements of local and global food systems.
  • 2.9K
  • 13 Feb 2025
Topic Review
Internet of Things (IoT)
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an extensive network of heterogeneous devices that provides an array of innovative applications and services. IoT networks enable the integration of data and services to seamlessly interconnect the cyber and physical systems.
  • 2.9K
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Unmanned NASA Missions
Following is a sampling of some of NASA's past and present programs excluding manned spacecraft. The years in brackets are for first and latest launching. A program is a number of flights or missions with the same kind of spacecraft, therefore the name of the program and the name of the spacecraft used will often be the same. In all, NASA have made more than 1,000 unmanned missions into Earth orbit or beyond.
  • 2.9K
  • 23 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Heterogeneous Catalysis for Selective Hydrogenation of Oximes
The synthesis of many biologically active compounds is not complete without transforming the carbonyl group into an amino group, carried out by the reaction of nucleophilic substitution with hydroxylamine at the carbonyl carbon atom and further reduction of the C–N and N–O bonds. This method eliminates nitrating agents that exhibit oxidizing properties and may cause undesirable effects on other structural fragments of complex molecules. Selective hydrogenation of oximes over heterogeneous catalysts is still one of the most useful and challenging reactions in synthetic organic chemistry to obtain amines and hydroxylamines since the 1920s when the Adam’s catalyst was first used for this reaction. 
  • 2.9K
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Pectin-Based Material for Applications in Water Treatment
Climate change and water are inseparably connected. Extreme weather events cause water to become more scarce, polluted, and erratic than ever. Pectin is a biodegradable polymer, extractable from vegetables, and contains several hydroxyl and carboxyl groups that can easily interact with the contaminant ions. In addition, pectin-based materials can be prepared in different forms (films, hydrogels, or beads) and cross-linked with several agents to change their molecular structure. Consequently, the pectin-based adsorbents can be tuned to remove diverse pollutants such as divalent metals. 
  • 2.9K
  • 22 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Rural Development
The development of rural areas is a significant component in social and economic activities. It is very important for optimizing the allocation of rural production and living factors, promoting the integration of urban and rural areas and sustainable development to identify the characteristics and main types of regional rural development.
  • 2.9K
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Biofouling on Stainless Steel
In humid environments, the formation of biofilms and microfouling are known to be the detrimental processes that first occur on stainless steel surfaces. This is known as biofouling. Subsequently, the conditions created by metabolites and the activity of organisms trigger corrosion of the metal and accelerate corrosion locally, causing a deterioration in, and alterations to, the performance of devices made of stainless steel. The microorganisms which thus affect stainless steel are mainly algae and bacteria.
  • 2.9K
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Fibre-Reinforced Polymer at Elevated Temperatures
Fibre-reinforced polymer is a composite material that consists of a polymer matrix and fibre reinforcement. Numerous FRPs have been produced, including basalt fibre-reinforced polymers (BFRP), glass fibre-reinforced polymers (GFRP), aramid fibre-reinforced polymers (AFRP), and carbon fibre-reinforced polymers (CFRP).
  • 2.9K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
List of Fictional Crocodiles and Alligators
This is a list of fictional crocodiles and alligators from literature, folklore and myth, mascots and emblems of teams and organizations, comics, films, animations and video games. This list is subsidiary to the list of fictional animals. It is restricted to notable crocodilian characters from notable works of fiction. Characters that appear in multiple media may have separate listings for each appearance, while in instances where a character has appeared in several separate works in a single medium, only the earliest will be recorded here.
  • 2.9K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Marine Exhaust Gas Treatment Systems
Two basic types of treatment systems of exhaust gases generated from marine compression ignition engines and from marine combustion systems, e.g., exhaust gas boilers, exist. These two basic exhaust gas treatment systems are used for SOx and particulate matter (PM) mitigation. Marine aqueous exhaust gas treatment and mainly SOx reduction systems have been commercially dominant. Since 2011, dry exhaust gas treatment and SOx mitigation systems have been commercially available from only one manufacturer. As can be realized, the main objective of both aqueous and dry exhaust gas treatment systems is the sorption and the rejection of SOx emissions from exhaust gases generated from marine combustion systems. One additional virtue of these systems is the sorption of particulate emissions of marine-generated exhaust gases, thus reducing the heavy metals, the soot, the polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and the sulfur contained in the particulate matter.
  • 2.9K
  • 02 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Mabry Syndrome
Mabry syndrome is a condition characterized by intellectual disability, distinctive facial features, increased levels of an enzyme called alkaline phosphatase in the blood (hyperphosphatasia), and other signs and symptoms.
  • 2.9K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Modeling Approaches of Biogas Production
Biogas production is a relevant component in renewable energy systems. Model approaches of biogas production show different levels of detail. They can be classified as white, gray, and black box, or bottom-up and top-down approaches. On the one hand, biogas modeling can supply dynamic information on the anaerobic digestion process, e.g., to predict biogas yields or to optimize the anaerobic digestion process. These models are characterized by a bottom-up approach with different levels of detail: the comprehensive ADM1 (white box), simplifications and abstractions of AD models (gray box), or highly simplified process descriptions (black box). On the other hand, biogas production is included in energy system models. These models usually supply aggregated information on regional biogas potentials and greenhouse gas emissions. They are characterized by a top-down approach with a low level of detail. Most energy system models reported in literature are based on black box approaches. Considering the strengths and weaknesses of the integration of detailed and deeply investigated process models in energy system models reveals the opportunity to develop dynamic and fluctuating business models of biogas usage. 
  • 2.9K
  • 29 Jul 2021
Topic Review
PSO-1
The PSO-1 (Прицел Снайперский Оптический, Pritsel Snaipersky Optichesky, "Optical Sniper Sight") is a telescopic sight manufactured in Russia by the Novosibirsk instrument-making factory (NPZ Optics State Plant) and issued with the Russian military Dragunov sniper rifle. The PSO-1 was, at the time of its introduction on 3 July 1963 together with the Dragunov sniper rifle, the most technically advanced telescopic sight ever designed for a mass-production designated marksman or sniper rifle.
  • 2.9K
  • 31 Oct 2022
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