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Topic Review
CEA-708
CEA-708 is the standard for closed captioning for ATSC digital television (DTV) streams in the United States and Canada . It was developed by the Electronic Industries Alliance. Unlike RLE DVB and DVD subtitles, CEA-708 captions are low bandwidth and textual like traditional EIA-608 captions and EBU Teletext subtitles. However, unlike EIA-608 byte pairs, CEA-708 captions are not able to be modulated on an ATSC receiver's NTSC VBI line 21 composite output and must be pre-rendered by the receiver with the digital video frames, they also include more of the Latin-1 character set, and include stubs to support full UTF-32 captions, and downloadable fonts. CEA-708 caption streams can also optionally encapsulate EIA-608 byte pairs internally, a fairly common usage. CEA-708 captions are injected into MPEG-2 video streams in the picture user data. The packets are in picture order, and must be rearranged just like picture frames are. This is known as the DTVCC Transport Stream. It is a fixed-bandwidth channel that has 960 bit/s typically allocated for backward compatible "encapsulated" Line 21 captions, and 8640 bit/s allocated for CEA-708 captions, for a total of 9600 bit/s. The ATSC A/53 Standard contains the encoding specifics. The main form of signalling is via a PSIP caption descriptor which indicates the language of each caption and if formatted for "easy reader" (3rd grade level for language learners) in the PSIP EIT on a per event basis and optionally in the H.222 PMT only if the video always sends caption data. CEA-708 caption decoders are required in the U.S. by FCC regulation in all 13" (33 cm) diagonal or larger digital televisions. Further, some broadcasters are required by FCC regulations to caption a percentage of their broadcasts.
  • 2.9K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Carbon Nanodots: Antimicrobial Photosensitizers
Carbon nanodots are fluorescent, quasi-spherical nanoparticles that have been investigated and modified for numerous applications. In recent years, the utility of these structures for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) has been of increasing interest. For this technology, light is used to trigger the generation of reactive oxygen species which subsequently inactivate or kill pathogenic microorganisms. Carbon nanodots are of interest for this application due to their simple, "green" synthesis methods and their tunable organic structures and luminescent properties. Herein we share some recent developments in the field of antimicrobial carbon nanodots, highlighting their increasing relevance and potential in this area.
  • 2.9K
  • 25 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Picture Bride
The term picture bride refers to the practice in the early 20th century of immigrant workers (chiefly Japan ese, Okinawan, and Korean) in Hawaii and the West Coast of the United States and Canada selecting brides from their native countries via a matchmaker, who paired bride and groom using only photographs and family recommendations of the possible candidates. This is an abbreviated form of the traditional matchmaking process and is similar in a number of ways to the concept of the mail-order bride.
  • 2.9K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Coffee Chlorogenic Acids Incorporation
The main CGA in coffee is 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA). Coffee extracts are currently the most widely used source to enhance the antioxidant activity of foods. Due to the solubility of CGAs, their extraction is mainly performed with organic solvents. CGAs have been associated with health benefits, such as antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activity, and others that reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease.
  • 2.9K
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
GENCODE
GENCODE is a scientific project in genome research and part of the ENCODE (ENCyclopedia Of DNA Elements) scale-up project. The GENCODE consortium was initially formed as part of the pilot phase of the ENCODE project to identify and map all protein-coding genes within the ENCODE regions (approx. 1% of Human genome). Given the initial success of the project, GENCODE now aims to build an “Encyclopedia of genes and genes variants” by identifying all gene features in the human and mouse genome using a combination of computational analysis, manual annotation, and experimental validation, and annotating all evidence-based gene features in the entire human genome at a high accuracy. The result will be a set of annotations including all protein-coding loci with alternatively transcribed variants, non-coding loci with transcript evidence, and pseudogenes.
  • 2.9K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Hospital Gown
A hospital gown, also called a johnny gown or johnny, is "a long loose piece of clothing worn in a hospital by someone doing or having an operation". It can be used as clothing for bedridden patients.
  • 2.9K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
IoT and the Energy Sector
Integration of renewable energy and optimization of energy use are key enablers of sustainable energy transitions and mitigating climate change. Modern technologies such the Internet of Things (IoT) offer a wide number of applications in the energy sector, i.e, in energy supply, transmission and distribution, and demand. IoT can be employed for improving energy efficiency, increasing the share of renewable energy, and reducing environmental impacts of the energy use.
  • 2.9K
  • 26 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Solar-Powered Plant Protection Equipment
Solar photovoltaic (PV) devices present a positive approach to sustainable crop production by reducing crop loss in various ways. This might result in the extensive use of PV devices in the near future. PV-based plant protection equipment/devices are primarily utilized in protecting crops from birds, weeds, or insects. The utilization of PV systems for different applications constitutes a new era in agriculture, horticulture, and forest sectors. A PV system is a potential alternative, offering more opportunities in operating different types of electricity-based agricultural equipment. The development of devices with simple construction/operation for plant protection may work well on small-scale farms.
  • 2.9K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Lactic Acid Bacteria
The antibacterial effect of lactic acid bacteria is attributed to its ability to produce antimicrobial compounds, including bacteriocins, with strong competitive action against many microorganisms. The use of bacteriocins, both separately and in combination with edible coatings, is considered a very promising approach for microbiological quality, and safety for postharvest storage of raw and minimally processed fruits and vegetables.
  • 2.9K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Production Disruption
Two kinds of incentive strategies, cost-sharing and penalty, are examined in dealing with production disruption, with consideration of production process reliability as an endogenous factor for a two-echelon supply chain.
  • 2.9K
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The Advanced Micro-Drilling Process
The increased demand for miniature components has drawn the attention of researchers, engineers, and industry users to manufacture precision micro and mesoholes on foils, sheets, and plates made from a variety of engineering materials. Due to the inherent limitations of conventional drilling processes, the modern or advanced drilling processes are being used to fabricate fine and deep precision holes in a wide range of materials. The spark erosion based drilling is one of them. A comprehensive detail on miniature hole fabrication by micro spark erosion machining (µ-SEM) and micro spark erosion drilling (µ-SED) is given.
  • 2.9K
  • 04 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a thermoplastic synthetic polymer, which displays superior characteristics such as transparency, good tensile strength, and processability. 
  • 2.9K
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Trypanosomatid Pathogens
Unicellular eukaryotes of the Trypanosomatidae family include human and animal pathogens that belong to the Trypanosoma and Leishmania genera. Diagnosis of the diseases they caused requires the sampling of body fluids (blood, lymph, peritoneal fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, etc.) or organ biopsies (bone marrow, spleen, etc.), which are mostly obtained through invasive methods. Body fluids or appendages can be alternatives to these invasive biopsies but their appropriateness remains poorly studied. To further address this question, we perform a systematic review on clues evidencing the presence of parasites, genetic material, antibodies, and antigens in body secretions, appendages, or the organs or proximal tissues that produce these materials.
  • 2.9K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Lignin-Based Resins
By increasing the environmental concerns and depletion of petroleum resources, bio-based resins have gained interest. Recently, lignin-based resins have attracted attention due to their low cost, environmental benefits, good thermal stability, excellent mechanical properties, and suitability for high-performance natural fiber composite applications. This content highlights the recent use of lignin-based resins with natural fiber composites for high-performance applications. 
  • 2.9K
  • 31 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Man-lifting Kite
right|thumb|Man-lifter War Kite designed by Samuel Franklin Cody (1867–1913).thumb|Lawrence Hargrave (seated) with his man-lifting kites in Stanwell Park, 1894. A man-lifting kite is a kite designed to lift a person from the ground. Historically, man-lifting kites have been used chiefly for reconnaissance and entertainment. Interest in their development declined with the advent of powered flight at the beginning of the 20th century.
  • 2.9K
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cartorhynchus
Cartorhynchus (meaning "shortened snout") is an extinct genus of early ichthyosauriform marine reptile that lived during the Early Triassic epoch, about 248 million years ago. The genus contains a single species, Cartorhynchus lenticarpus, named in 2014 by Ryosuke Motani and colleagues from a single nearly-complete skeleton found near Chaohu, Anhui Province, China . Along with its close relative Sclerocormus, Cartorhynchus was part of a diversification of marine reptiles that occurred suddenly (over about one million years) during the Spathian substage, soon after the devastating Permian-Triassic extinction event, but they were subsequently driven to extinction by volcanism and sea level changes by the Middle Triassic. Measuring about 40 centimetres (16 in) long, Cartorhynchus was small animal with a lizard-like body and a short torso; it probably swam in an eel-like manner at slow speeds. Its limbs bore extensive cartilage and could bend like flippers, which may have allowed it to walk on land. The most distinctive features of Cartorhynchus were its short, constricted snout, and its multiple rows of molar-like teeth which grew on the inside surface of its jaw bones. These teeth were not discovered until the specimen was subjected to CT scanning. Cartorhynchus likely preyed on hard-shelled invertebrates using suction feeding, although how it exactly used its inward-directed teeth is not yet known. It was one of up to five independent acquisitions of molar-like teeth among ichthyosauriforms.
  • 2.9K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Relationship between Capital Structure and Firm Performance
Capital structure is negatively related to firm performance. Agency cost also has a negative impact on corporate performance; however, in the case of return on assets (ROA) and earnings per share (EPS), the relationship is positive. Interestingly, the findings illustrate that increasing the level of debt can reduce agency costs and enhance firm performance. Moreover, robust correlations are revealing that agency cost significantly affects the relationship between capital structure and corporate performance. 
  • 2.9K
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Resilience Optimization of Post-Quantum Cryptography Key Encapsulation Algorithms
The developments in quantum computing have shed light on the shortcomings of the conventional public cryptosystem. Even while Shor’s algorithm cannot yet be implemented on quantum computers, it indicates that asymmetric key encryption will not be practicable or secure in the near future. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has started looking for a post-quantum encryption algorithm that is resistant to the development of future quantum computers as a response to this security concern. 
  • 2.9K
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Preparation of Protein Oleogels
In recent years, the search for alternative routes to structure oil has gained increasing interest. Structured oils are referred to as oleogels, in which the continuous lipid phase is an edible oil, and the structuring agent forms a three-dimensional network. Such oleogels are used as a substitute for solid fats, which contain high amounts of saturated and trans fatty acids. Among available structuring agents that have been used to provide solid properties to liquid oils, protein is a more recent candidate. Due to their nutritional value and high consumer acceptance, proteins are of special interest for the preparation of edible oleogels as an alternative for solid fats. Whereas the field of protein oleogelation is still rather new and just starts unfolding, several preparation methods have been demonstrated to be suitable for protein oleogel preparation. 
  • 2.9K
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Optimal Configuration of Solar Panel
In solar photovoltaic (PV) energy generation system, the term “photovoltaic” refers to a semiconductor-based device used to convert solar energy (sunlight) into electrical DC energy. To generate electricity, the solar PV generation system has become a mainstream option, especially for the communities who live in rural areas. Its market has vastly expanded in a short period, where according to Parikh, 70% of solar PV module manufacturing is accounted for by China.
  • 2.9K
  • 24 May 2021
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