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Topic Review
Substrate Integrated Waveguide
A Substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) (also known as post-wall waveguide or laminated waveguide) is a synthetic rectangular electromagnetic waveguide formed in a dielectric substrate by densely arraying metallized posts or via-holes which connect the upper and lower metal plates of the substrate. The waveguide can be easily fabricated with low-cost mass-production using through-hole techniques where the post walls consists of via fences. SIW is known to have similar guided wave and mode characteristics to conventional rectangular waveguide with equivalent guide wavelength. Since the emergence of new communication technologies in the 1990s, there has been an increasing need for high-performance millimeter-wave systems. These need to be reliable, low-cost, compact, and compatible with high-frequencies. Unfortunately, above 10 GHz, the well known microstrip and coplanar lines technologies cannot be used because they have high insertion and radiation losses at these frequencies. The rectangular waveguide topology can overcome these issues as it offers an excellent immunity against radiation losses and presents low insertion losses. But in their classical form, rectangular waveguide is not compatible with the miniaturization required by modern applications. The concept of SIW was developed in the early 2000s by Ke Wu to reconcile those requirements. The authors presented a platform for integrating all the components of a microwave circuit inside a single substrate, with a rectangular cross-section. Using a single substrate guarantees a limited volume and a simplicity of manufacture, while the rectangular cross-section of the line provides the advantages of the waveguide topology in terms of losses.
  • 3.0K
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Go90
Go90 was an American Internet television service and mobile app owned and operated by Verizon Communications. The service was positioned as a mobile-oriented "social entertainment platform" targeted primarily towards millennials, featuring a mixture of new and acquired content from various providers. The service was available exclusively within the United States, although as of March 2018 some of its content became available internationally via Tumblr. Following an unsuccessful launch (which content partners credited to a lack of firm content strategies), resulting managerial turnover (including a relaunch of the service by the staff of Verizon acquisition and former competitor Vessel), Including acquisitions that became the basis of the service (such as Intel's OnCue project, and later Vessel), it was estimated that Verizon had spent $1.2 billion on the service.
  • 3.0K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Integration of Offshore Wind with Tidal Energy
Reducing the cost of electricity generation and integrating renewable energy sources are two essential factors in encouraging the development of novel ideas to tackle the lack of enough electricity and proposing alternatives for fossil fuels. Compared with onshore wind energy resources, offshore wind fields have many advantages, such as persistent wind, faster-flowing speed, higher uniformity, and longer available time per year, flat sea surface, and low turbulence intensity, which promotes the vigorous development of the offshore wind power industry.
  • 3.0K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Communication Costs in Federated Learning
Federated learning (FL) is an emerging distributed machine learning technique that allows for the distributed training of a single machine learning model across multiple geographically distributed clients.
  • 3.0K
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Structure and Aggregation Mechanisms in Amyloids
Functional amyloids can be found in bacteria, unicellular eukaryotes, fungi, plants, insects and vertebrates, playing roles as diverse as surface protection and modification, mediation of pathogen-host interactions, pigment biosynthesis, homeostasis control, hormone storage and release, signal transduction, among others. The aggregation of a polypeptide chain into amyloid fibrils and their accumulation and deposition into insoluble plaques and intracellular inclusions is the hallmark of several misfolding diseases known as amyloidoses. Alzheimer′s, Parkinson′s and Huntington’s diseases are some of the approximately 50 amyloid diseases described to date.
  • 3.0K
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Metamaterials
Metamaterials are amongst the advanced materials made up initially with metal structures. However, there is a huge ongoing work on dielectric metasurfaces and metamaterials with the aim of replacing metal structures with dielectric ones in order to reduce the electromagnetic losses.
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  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Recent Advances in A3 Coupling with Metal Salts
Recent advances in the metal salt catalysed multicomponent reaction of aldehydes, amines, and alkynes, known as A3 coupling, which yields propargylamines, a valuable organic scaffold.
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  • 04 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Citizenship
Citizenship is a relationship between an individual and a state to which the individual owes allegiance and in turn is entitled to its protection.(quoted) Each state determines the conditions under which it will recognize persons as its citizens, and the conditions under which that status will be withdrawn. Recognition by a state as a citizen generally carries with it recognition of civil, political, and social rights which are not afforded to non-citizens. In general, the basic rights normally regarded as arising from citizenship are the right to a passport, the right to leave and return to the country/ies of citizenship, the right to live in that country and to work there. Some countries permit their citizens to have multiple citizenships, while others insist on exclusive allegiance. A person who does not have citizenship of any state is said to be stateless, while one who lives on state borders whose territorial status is uncertain is a border-lander.
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  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Perezhivanie and Its Application
Perezhivanie is a concept that was originally defined by Vygotsky, but it did not become a part of educational theory until recently. Today the concept has been revived, and it is now used as a way to include emotional aspects into education and educational research. The concept also provides a rationale for describing and forming personalised learning.
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  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Schweizer 300
The Schweizer RSG 300 series (formerly Sikorsky S300, Hughes 300 and Schweizer 300) family of light utility helicopters was originally produced by Hughes Helicopters, as a development of the Hughes 269. Later manufactured by Schweizer Aircraft, the basic design has been in production for almost 50 years. The single, three-bladed main rotor and piston-powered S-300 is mostly used as a cost-effective platform for training and agriculture.
  • 3.0K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Falkland Islands Wolf
The Falkland Islands Wolf, scientifically known as Dusicyon australis, was a unique canid species that once inhabited the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. Also known as the Warrah, it represented the only native land mammal on the islands and is believed to have been isolated for thousands of years, evolving in the absence of large predators. Unfortunately, the Falkland Islands Wolf became extinct in the 19th century, marking the end of a distinct evolutionary lineage.
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  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Application of Graphene in Electronic Devices
Graphene achieved a peerless level among nanomaterials in terms of its application in electronic devices, owing to its fascinating and novel properties. Its large surface area and high electrical conductivity combine to create high-power batteries. In addition, because of its high optical transmittance, low sheet resistance, and the possibility of transferring it onto plastic substrates, graphene is also employed as a replacement for indium tin oxide (ITO) in making electrodes for touch screens. Moreover, it was observed that graphene enhances the performance of transparent flexible electronic modules due to its higher mobility, minimal light absorbance, and superior mechanical properties. Graphene is even considered a potential substitute for the post-Si electronics era, where a high-performance graphene-based field-effect transistor (GFET) can be fabricated to detect the lethal SARS-CoV-2. Hence, graphene incorporation in electronic devices can facilitate immense device structure/performance advancements.
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  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Command Responsibility
Command responsibility (also superior responsibility, the Yamashita standard, and the Medina standard) is the legal doctrine of hierarchical accountability for war crimes. The legal doctrine of command responsibility was codified in the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, and is partly based upon the American Lieber Code, a manual of war for the Union forces, authorised by President A. Lincoln in 1863, two years into the course of the U.S. civil war. The legal doctrine of command responsibility was first applied by the German Supreme Court, in the Leipzig War Crimes Trials (1921), which included the trial of Imperial German Army officer Emil Müller for war crimes committed during the First World War (1914–1918). The Yamashita standard derived from the incorporation to the U.S. Code of the legal doctrine of command responsibility, as codified in the two Hague Conventions. That legal precedent, decided by the U.S. Supreme Court, allowed the U.S. prosecution of the war-crimes case against General Tomoyuki Yamashita, for the atrocities committed by his soldiers in the Philippine Islands, in the Pacific Theatre (1941–1945) of the Second World War. A U.S. military tribunal charged Yamashita with "unlawfully disregarding, and failing to discharge, his duty as a commander to control the acts of members of his command, by permitting them to commit war crimes." The Medina standard expanded the U.S. Code to include the criminal liability of U.S. military officers for the war crimes committed by their subordinates, as are military officers of an enemy power, e.g. the war-crimes trial of Gen. Yamashita in 1945. The Medina standard originated from the charging, prosecution, and court-martial of U.S. Army Captain Ernest Medina in 1971, for not exercising his superior responsibility as company commander, by not acting to halt the commission of a war crime by his soldiers — the My Lai Massacre (16 March 1968) during the Vietnam War (1945–1975).
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  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Job Satisfaction and Service Quality in Hotel Industry
The quality of service is one of the key assumptions of a sustainable and profitable business in the hotel industry. On the other hand, employees as direct providers of hotel services have a direct impact on the perceived quality of service. Establishing a relationship between job satisfaction and perceived intangible service quality is of great importance for customer relationship management and sustainable competitive advantage.
  • 3.0K
  • 08 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Intellectual Disability
Intellectual disability (ID), also known as general learning disability and formerly mental retardation (MR), is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning. It is defined by an IQ under 70, in addition to deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors that affect everyday, general living. Intellectual functions are defined under DSM-V as reasoning, problem‑solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from instruction and experience, and practical understanding confirmed by both clinical assessment and standardized tests. Adaptive behavior is defined in terms of conceptual, social, and practical skills involving tasks performed by people in their everyday lives. Once focused almost entirely on cognition, the definition now includes both a component relating to mental functioning and one relating to an individual's functional skills in their daily environment. As a result of this focus on the person's abilities in practice, a person with an unusually low IQ may still not be considered to have an intellectual disability. Intellectual disability is subdivided into syndromic intellectual disability, in which intellectual deficits associated with other medical and behavioral signs and symptoms are present, and non-syndromic intellectual disability, in which intellectual deficits appear without other abnormalities. Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome are examples of syndromic intellectual disabilities. Intellectual disability affects about 2 to 3% of the general population. Seventy-five to ninety percent of the affected people have mild intellectual disability. Non-syndromic, or idiopathic cases account for 30 to 50% of these cases. About a quarter of cases are caused by a genetic disorder, and about 5% of cases are inherited from a person's parents. Cases of unknown cause affect about 95 million people (As of 2013).
  • 3.0K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Development of CDK4/6 Inhibitors
CDKs, a family of serine/threonine kinases, regulate cell cycle progression into the four distinct phases G1, S (DNA synthesis), G2 and M, and are crucially involved in the regulation of cell division and proliferation.
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  • 23 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Proteomics for Studying Antibiotic Action
To design more efficient treatments against bacterial infections, detailed knowledge about the bacterial response to the commonly used antibiotics is required. Proteomics is a well-suited and powerful tool to study molecular response to antimicrobial compounds. Bacterial response profiling from system-level investigations could increase our understanding of bacterial adaptation, the mechanisms behind antibiotic resistance and tolerance development.
  • 3.0K
  • 03 Nov 2020
Topic Review
The Impact of Airbnb Brand on Consumer Involvement
Airbnb is one of the leading businesses in the hospitality industry, and is one of the fastest growing corporations in sharing economy services. The brand operates on a marketplace platform, and connects travelers with hosts all over the world. Trust is essential for purchase intentions, particularly online, and the degree of involvement determines whether or not the brand is committed to its promises. In the context of Airbnb, users pay for their services online, and are allowed to present reviews for future travelers. Unlike other business models, Airbnb has to preserve its image by providing innovative and quality services for travelers, especially in the hospitality industry, where the product attributes only differ slightly. With Airbnb’s rapid growth, the aspects of brand personality become critical when establishing a positive brand image and positioning the company as a platform that provides unique experiences to its users and possesses a distinct identity.
  • 3.0K
  • 20 Jul 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Application of Machine Learning Models in Social Sciences: Managing Nonlinear Relationships
The increasing complexity of social science data and phenomena necessitates using advanced analytical techniques to capture nonlinear relationships that traditional linear models often overlook. This chapter explores the application of machine learning (ML) models in social science research, focusing on their ability to manage nonlinear interactions in multidimensional datasets. Nonlinear relationships are central to understanding social behaviors, socioeconomic factors, and psychological processes. Machine learning models, including decision trees, neural networks, random forests, and support vector machines, provide a flexible framework for capturing these intricate patterns. The chapter begins by examining the limitations of linear models and introduces essential machine learning techniques suited for nonlinear modeling. A discussion follows on how these models automatically detect interactions and threshold effects, offering superior predictive power and robustness against noise compared to traditional methods. The chapter also covers the practical challenges of model evaluation, validation, and handling imbalanced data, emphasizing cross-validation and performance metrics tailored to the nuances of social science datasets. Practical recommendations are offered to researchers, highlighting the balance between predictive accuracy and model interpretability, ethical considerations, and best practices for communicating results to diverse stakeholders. This chapter demonstrates that while machine learning models provide robust solutions for modeling nonlinear relationships, their successful application in social sciences requires careful attention to data quality, model selection, validation, and ethical considerations. Machine learning holds transformative potential for understanding complex social phenomena and informing data-driven psychology, sociology, and political science policy-making.
  • 3.0K
  • 28 Nov 2024
Topic Review
Highest IQ: Measurement, Claims, and Evidence
Claims about the “highest IQ” emerge where measurement science meets extreme statistical rarity. Within their validated ranges, modern IQ tests are robust predictors of consequential outcomes; however, ceiling effects, norm scarcity in the far right tail, and possible ability differentiation at high levels complicate any ordinal ranking of individuals. This entry explains how deviation IQ is constructed; why widely used instruments saturate at the top; and how item response theory (IRT), high-difficulty item banks, and conservative linking/extrapolation can, in principle, extend assessable range. Taking the publicly attributed figure “IQ 276 (SD=24; ≈210 on SD=15, z≈7.33)” to YoungHoon Kim as a didactic contemporary illustration, we argue a good-faith, science-forward pathway exists by which extreme estimates might be modeled—provided multiple independent, supervised datapoints and transparent IRT calibration support such inference. We do not adjudicate any individual’s exact score here; rather, we clarify why, under mainstream psychometric theory, extraordinary values are methodologically approachable though demanding, and why evaluations should emphasize multi-method evidence, uncertainty, and reproducibility.
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  • 25 Aug 2025
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