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Topic Review
Common Techniques for Biolubricant Production
Lubricants can be classified according to their physical state as solid, liquid, or semi-fluid (greases). The former is used when it is difficult to maintain contact with the fluid, while the latter is used in situations where liquid lubricants are not applicable. According to the UNE-EN 16807 standard, the term “bio” is considered synonymous with good for the environment. Its use in lubricants is linked to its environmental properties; therefore, it is expected that all compounds called bio-lubricants will degrade in the environment. 
  • 2.6K
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Graphene Quantum Dots
Graphene quantum dots (GQD) is an efficient nanomaterial composed of one or more layers of graphene with unique properties that combine both graphene and carbon dots (CDs). It can be synthesized using carbon-rich materials as precursors, such as graphite, macromolecules polysaccharides, and fullerene. This contribution emphasizes the utilization of GQD-based materials in the fields of sensing, bioimaging, energy storage, and corrosion inhibitors. Inspired by these numerous applications, various synthetic approaches have been developed to design and fabricate GQD, particularly bottom-up and top-down processes. 
  • 2.6K
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Paper-Based Sensors Application
Paper-based sensors are getting increasing attention for reliable indoor/outdoor onsite detection with non-expert operation due to low cost, portability, easy disposal, and high accuracy, as well as bulky reduced laboratory equipment. They have become powerful analysis tools in trace detection with ultra-low detection limits and extremely high accuracy, resulting in their great popularity in biological detection, environmental inspection, and other applications. However, the current paper-based sensors still encounter insufficiencies such as harsh storage, short shelf time, singleplex analyte detection, disability of holographic strain detection, and low reproducibility for direct detection of the actual sample without pretreatment. Efforts should be made to paper-based sensors with those concerns before their broad commercial application. 
  • 2.6K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
H2S Removal from Gas Mixtures Using Zeolites
Natural gas, biogas, and refinery gas all include H2S, which has adverse effects not only on the environment and human health but also on the equipment and catalysts that are employed in the relevant processes. H2S is removed from the aforementioned gases using a variety of techniques in order to fulfill the necessary sales criteria and for reasons of safety. The adsorption method stands out among various other approaches due to its straightforward operation, high level of efficiency, and low overall cost. This technique makes use of a variety of adsorbents, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), activated carbon, and zeolites. The use of zeolite-based adsorbents is by far the most common of these various types.
  • 2.5K
  • 12 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Extraction and Purification of Volatile Fatty Acids
Volatile fatty acids (VFA) are intermediary degradation products during anaerobic digestion (AD) that are subsequently converted to methanogenic substrates, such as hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and acetic acid (CH3COOH). VFA recovered from the AAD fermentation can be further converted to sustainable biofuels and bioproducts. This text describes the latest developments in the extraction techniques of VFA from complex organic materials.
  • 2.5K
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Manufacturing Methods of Phase Change Materials Microcapsules
Thermal energy storage (TES) has been identified by many researchers as one of the cost-effective solutions for not only storing excess or/wasted energy, but also improving systems’ reliability and thermal efficiency. Among TES, phase change materials (PCMs) are gaining more attention due to their ability to store a reasonably large quantity of heat within small temperature differences. Encapsulation is the cornerstone in expanding the applicability of the PCMs. Microencapsulation is a proven, viable method for containment and retention of PCMs in tiny shells. Currently, there are numerous methods available for synthesis of mPCMs, each of which has its own advantages and limitations.
  • 2.4K
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Additives Used in Anaerobic Digestion
Anaerobic digestion involves the degradation of a biodegradable substance, such as sewage sludge by anaerobic microorganisms in an oxygen-free system.
  • 2.4K
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Comprehensive Review on Wearable Sweat-Glucose Sensors for CGM
The incidence of diabetes is increasing at an alarming rate, and regular glucose monitoring is critical in order to manage diabetes. Currently, glucose in the body is measured by an invasive method of blood sugar testing. Blood glucose (BG) monitoring devices measure the amount of sugar in a small sample of blood, usually drawn from pricking the fingertip, and placed on a disposable test strip. Therefore, there is a need for non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring, which is possible using a sweat sensor-based approach.
  • 2.3K
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Graphene-Based Membranes in Oil/Water Separation
Oily wastewaters, oil spills from the petroleum industry, and oil-shipping accidents have caused detrimental effects on aquatic ecosystems. Several methods were proposed by various number of studies to tackle oil spillage cleanups; these methods include absorption, dispersants, solidifiers, and controlled burning. Absorption is one of the most commonly used methods in the separation and recovery of spilled oil from water thanks to its good efficiency, simple operation, and flexibility to combine with other methods. Graphene has a large surface area, with a high chemical and thermal stability. It is an excellent adsorption material and has several applications in the field of oil spill cleanup and water purification processes.
  • 2.3K
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Valorization of Bread Waste into Value-Added Products
Bread is a universal food that is sold and consumed across the entire social and geographical spectrum. Bread waste is currently of increasing interest, as it is considered a huge global issue with serious environmental impacts and significant economic losses that have become even greater in the post-pandemic years due to an increase in cereal prices, which has led to higher production costs and bread prices. Meanwhile, many efforts have been initiated in the past decades to investigate methods of repurposing bread residues into fuel and chemicals such as bioethanol, biohydrogen, succinic acid, and various added-value products that can be exploited in versatile industries.
  • 2.3K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Electric Field-Assisted Membrane Processes
Electrofiltration is emerging as an attractive alternative that uses electric field to assist in fouling mitigation during the membrane-based separation processes. By tuning the electrophoretic forces on the feed side of the membrane, all water constituents (except ions) including viruses, bacteria, small and large molecules, and organic and inorganic solids can be prevented from fouling the membrane surface. Theoretically, the electric field-assisted membrane separation process will result in greatly desired clean water flux for the entire duration of operation.
  • 2.3K
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Metallurgical Technologies to Treat E-Waste
e-waste is any broken/unwanted electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) that has reached the end of its lifecycle or economic life span. E-waste has been traditionally treated with metallurgical technologies such as mechanical separations, pyro-metallurgical, and hydrometallurgical methods. The technologies such as the pyro-metallurgical process to treat e-waste has been studied and linked with environmental challenges such as the generation of large quantities of harmful by-products, the formation of brominated and chlorinated di-benzo furans, and dioxins from halogens present in the plastic part of e-waste during the burning process. The pyro-metallurgical process requires high-energy to treat e-waste and is inefficient in the recovery of precious metals. Hydrometallurgical technology has also been explored, mostly involving chemical reagents such as strong acids (sulphuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid) and complex chemical reagents such as cyanide and thiosulfate to leach base, rare earth, and precious metals. 
  • 2.2K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Tomato Processing By-Product Valorization
The tomato processing industry can be considered one of the most widespread food manufacturing industries all over the world, annually generating considerable quantities of residue and determining disposal issues associated not only with the wasting of invaluable resources but also with the rise of significant environmental burdens.
  • 2.2K
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Seaweed Cultivation and Its Applications in Colombia
Colombia has a diverse range of marine ecosystems in the coastal and insular areas of the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. Seaweed research has focused mainly on the identification and taxonomic distribution of 628 species identified so far, mainly in the Caribbean Sea. Among the most widely cultivated genera of seaweeds in open-sea pilot systems in Colombia are Hydropuntia, Gracilaria, Hypnea, Kappaphycus, and Eucheuma. These genera have shown low yields as a consequence of high tissue fragility, epiphytism, sedimentation, and nitrogen deficiency. In addition, the evaluation of the biological activity of selected seaweed compounds has advanced considerably, focusing on their composition and their use for direct consumption by humans and animals. Despite the diversity of seaweeds, as well as certain technical and scientific advances, Colombia is still lagging behind other countries in seaweed exploitation, both in Latin America and worldwide.
  • 2.2K
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Microbial Electrolysis Cells Technology
The need for renewable and sustainable fuel and energy storage sources is pressing. Biohydrogen has the potential to be a storable energy carrier, a direct fuel and a diverse building block for various downstream products. Utilizing microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) to produce biohydrogen from residue streams, such as the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW), agricultural residues and wastewater facilitate utilization and energy recovery from these streams, paving the path for a circular economy.
  • 2.2K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Bioleaching
In bioleaching, the function of the solvent is performed by microorganisms, by the action of either bacteria or fungi, as they participate in the biogeochemical cycle of minerals in direct ways by the metabolism of the microorganisms or indirectly by the products of their metabolism. Therefore, bioleaching is defined as the solubilization of metals from insoluble solid substrates.
  • 2.2K
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Gamified Waste Management Tool
Waste management is an increasingly visible and essential element to functioning civilization. However, while the theory of waste management is studied widely, waste management remains for many a difficult concept to understand. There is an opportunity to create an informative, easy-to-use simulator to help all types of individuals build an understanding of waste management and to evaluate the impact of various changes on waste management performance, particularly in the context of gamified tools. 
  • 2.2K
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride
Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride (ASA) is a sizing agent used in papermaking to increase the water repellency of paper. Almost 60 years after the introduction of the chemical in papermaking, scientists still have differing views on how ASA interacts with cellulose. Several experiments were conducted to bring more clarity to the ASA sizing mechanism, especially on the contentious question of ASA-cellulose covalent bonding or the esterification reaction between ASA and cellulose during papermaking.
  • 2.1K
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Permeate flux prediction
In any membrane filtration, the prediction of permeate flux is critical to calculate the membrane surface required, which is an essential parameter for scaling-up, equipment sizing, and cost determination. Permeate flux prediction is an essential parameter in membrane performance evaluation and the projections for scaling-up from laboratory to the pilot plant or the industrial scale. 
  • 2.1K
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Starch-Based Polymer Materials as Adsorbents for Water Treatment
Owing to its non-toxicity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility, starch is a naturally occurring polysaccharide that scientists are looking into as a possible environmentally friendly material for sustainable water remediation. Starch could exhibit significant adsorption capabilities towards pollutants with the substitution of amide, amino, carboxyl, and other functional groups for hydroxyl groups. Starch derivatives may effectively remove contaminants such as oil, organic solvents, pesticides, heavy metals, dyes, and pharmaceutical pollutants by employing adsorption techniques at a rate greater than 90%. The maximal adsorption capacities of starch-based adsorbents for oil and organic solvents, pesticides, heavy metal ions, dyes, and pharmaceuticals are 13,000, 66, 2000, 25,000, and 782 mg/g, respectively.
  • 2.1K
  • 25 Jul 2023
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