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Topic Review
Biomimetic Zirconia
Bio-inspired or biomimetic design of biomaterials presents new possibilities for developing implantable devices with enhanced biocompatibility and novel functions.
  • 826
  • 13 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Biomanufacturing of Cell-Derived Matrices
Cell-derived matrices (CDM) are the decellularised extracellular matrices (ECM) of tissues obtained by the laboratory culture process. CDM is developed to mimic, to a certain extent, the properties of the needed natural tissue and thus to obviate the use of animals. The composition of CDM can be tailored for intended applications by carefully optimising the cell sources, culturing conditions and decellularising methods.
  • 826
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Polymer-Based Nanofiber–Nanoparticle Hybrids
When nanoparticles and nanofibers are combined, the composite material can perform more functions, such as photothermal, magnetic response, biosensing, antibacterial, drug delivery and biosensing. To prepare nanofiber and nanoparticle hybrids (NNHs), there are two primary ways. The electrospinning technology was used to produce NNHs in a single step. An alternate way is to use a self-assembly technique to create nanoparticles in fibers. 
  • 822
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Cellulose-Based Hydrogel Photocatalysts and Their Applications
Cellulose hydrogels are cited for use in both the water treatmentand antimicrobial fields, emphasizing their adsorption properties as well as their photocatalytic properties. This paper mainly summarizes the properties, preparation methods, and classification of cellulose-based hydrogel materials and their different applications in the direction of photocatalysis over the past 15 years, providing a good basis for future development.
  • 821
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Biomaterials as Haemostatic Agents in Cardiovascular Surgery
Intraoperative haemostasis is of paramount importance in the practice of cardiovascular surgery. Topical haemostatic methods have advanced significantly and today we deal with various haemostatic agents with different properties and different mechanisms of action. The particularity of coagulation mechanisms after extracorporeal circulation, has encouraged the introduction of new types of topic agents to achieve haemostasis, where conventional methods prove their limits. These products have an important role in cardiac, as well as in vascular, surgery, mainly in major vascular procedures, like aortic dissections and aortic aneurysms.
  • 818
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Hyaluronic Acid-Mediated Phenolic Compound Nanodelivery for Cancer Therapy
Phenolic compounds are bioactive phytochemicals showing a wide range of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anticancer effects. Moreover, they are associated with fewer side effects compared to most currently used antitumor drugs. Combinations of phenolic compounds with commonly used drugs have been largely studied as an approach aimed at enhancing the efficacy of anticancer drugs and reducing their deleterious systemic effects. In addition, some of these compounds are reported to reduce tumor cell drug resistance by modulating different signaling pathways. However, often, their application is limited due to their chemical instability, low water solubility, or scarce bioavailability. Nanoformulations, including polyphenols in combination or not with anticancer drugs, represent a suitable strategy to enhance their stability and bioavailability and, thus, improve their therapeutic activity. 
  • 816
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Properties and Sample Applications of Different Carbon Nanomaterial
Carbon nanomaterials such as nanodiamond and nano-fullerene C60 are common examples of zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials that are utilized in implantable brain interfaces. Carbon nanomaterials offer superior charge injection capabilities and high conductivity, enabling high-throughput electrode interfaces that can enhance signal recording quality and stimulation efficiency. In addition, the optical properties and chemical stability of carbon nanomaterials, along with their large surface area, make them ideal for surface charge modification and the incorporation of fluorescent tags, cell-specific targeting molecules, and disease-specific targeting molecules.
  • 813
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Sustainable Harnessing of SiO2 Nanoparticles from Rice Husks
Rice husks, as a residue from agriculture, had been largely used as a source of power through direct incineration in major rice-producing countries. However, rice husks present an intriguing opportunity as a renewable source of SiO2, offering a low-cost adsorbent with a high surface area and ease of functionalization that can be transformed into diverse mesoporous silica structures or composites, enabling applications in catalysis, drug delivery, water treatment, etc. This dual potential of rice husks can be harnessed by combining bio-oil and syngas production through pyrolysis with the efficient extraction of SiO2, ensuring the comprehensive utilization of the biomass. 
  • 813
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Generation of Hierarchical Bicontinuous Morphology in Coinage Metals
The fundamental essence of material design lies in bringing together the competing aspects of a large specific surface area and rapid transport pathways. This review summarizes the recent advances in the strategies to create a hierarchical bicontinuous morphology in porous metals, focusing mainly on the hierarchical architectures in nanoporous gold. Understanding the advantages of generating hierarchical structures on distinct and well-defined length scales can play a huge role in solving problems in porous materials and can guide the synthesis of new materials for specific applications.
  • 813
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Biomimetic and Biodegradable Magnetic Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration
Bone defects characterized by limited regenerative properties are considered a priority in surgical practice, as they are associated with reduced quality of life and high costs. In bone tissue engineering, different types of scaffolds are used. These implants represent structures with well-established properties that play an important role as delivery vectors or cellular systems for cells, growth factors, bioactive molecules, chemical compounds, and drugs. The scaffold must provide a microenvironment with increased regenerative potential at the damage site. Magnetic nanoparticles are linked to an intrinsic magnetic field, and when they are incorporated into biomimetic scaffold structures, they can sustain osteoconduction, osteoinduction, and angiogenesis.
  • 809
  • 29 May 2023
Topic Review
Anisotropic Chitosan Scaffolds for Cartilage Regeneration
The replacement of damaged or degenerated articular cartilage tissue remains a challenge, as this non-vascularized tissue has a very limited self-healing capacity. Therefore, tissue engineering (TE) of cartilage is a promising treatment option. Although significant progress has been made in recent years, there is still a lack of scaffolds that ensure the formation of functional cartilage tissue while meeting the mechanical requirements for chondrogenic TE. In this article, we report the application of flock technology, a common process in the modern textile industry, to produce flock scaffolds made of chitosan (a biodegradable and biocompatible biopolymer) for chondrogenic TE. By combining an alginate hydrogel with a chitosan flock scaffold (CFS+ALG), a fiber-reinforced hydrogel with anisotropic properties was developed to support chondrogenic differentiation of embedded human chondrocytes. Pure alginate hydrogels (ALG) and pure chitosan flock scaffolds (CFS) were studied as controls. Morphology of primary human chondrocytes analyzed by cLSM and SEM showed a round, chondrogenic phenotype in CFS+ALG and ALG after 21 days of differentiation, whereas chondrocytes on CFS formed spheroids. The compressive strength of CFS+ALG was higher than the compressive strength of ALG and CFS alone. Chondrocytes embedded in CFS+ALG showed gene expression of chondrogenic markers (COL II, COMP, ACAN), the highest collagen II/I ratio, and production of the typical extracellular matrix such as sGAG and collagen II. The combination of alginate hydrogel with chitosan flock scaffolds resulted in a scaffold with anisotropic structure, good mechanical properties, elasticity, and porosity that supported chondrogenic differentiation of inserted human chondrocytes and expression of chondrogenic markers and typical extracellular matrix.
  • 803
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Quartz Crystal Microbalance Monitoring in Cartilage Tissue Engineering
The main purpose of cartilage TE (CTE) is tissue regeneration, multiplication, and differentiation of cells into a desired tissue-specific form by selecting suitable cellular scaffolds and the cells’ favorable growth conditions. CTE represents a major challenge due to the specific properties of cartilage tissue, slow growth, characteristic structure of extracellular matrix (ECM), extraordinary mechanical properties, and a high degree of dedifferentiation in cell cultures. Cellular scaffolds used in CTE are essential because they allow for cultivation in 3D structures and stimulate hyaline cartilage formation. These scaffolds should meet the relevant requirements, including biocompatibility, suitable degradability, appropriate physicochemical, biological, and architectural features (porosity, pore permeability, mechanical properties and so on), and stimulate the cartilage phenotype. Designing an appropriate scaffold for CTE is a complex procedure, as it is necessary to create a framework with a specific and replicable architecture. It starts with finding the right biomaterial and follows with the right construction technique to prepare an ideal cellular scaffold to cover all the required characteristics. The development of the cartilage-like scaffold must be based on biocompatible and biodegradable biomaterials. At the same time the construction technique must allow the design of various shapes and sizes with a controlled microstructure to promote cellular adhesion, migration, and growth of the cells present in the target tissue. Finally, the stimulation of cartilage phenotype, the production of cartilage-specific ECM (e.g., aggrecan and collagen type 2), and the maintenance of the desired cellular morphology are essential for scaffold use in CTE. Failure to provide the mentioned characteristics leads to cell dedifferentiation and altered gene expression from cartilage-specific to (most commonly) fibroblastic type, a complex challenge that so far has not been conquered.
  • 802
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Laser-Promoted Immobilization of Ag Nanoparticles
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used for their bacteriostatic or antimicrobial properties. The antibacterial effects of AgNPs have been demonstrated on many bacteria, including bacteria resistant to common antibiotics. They prevent the adhesion and proliferation of bacteria to the surface of materials and suppress microorganisms already adhered. This property is used in the medical field where these materials protect equipment prone to biofilm formation, such as catheters and implants. AgNPs are also used in the treatment of wounds, where they accelerate the conversion of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts (collagen-producing connective tissue cells).
  • 801
  • 09 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Strengths and Weaknesses of Biomimetic Delivery Systems
Biomimetic delivery systems (BDSs), defined by their ability to mimic biological systems, hold significant promise in the realm of biomedicine and nanomedicine. They leverage the principles of nature, emulating the structural or functional attributes of biological systems to enhance drug delivery capabilities.
  • 800
  • 28 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Organic Electronics in Biosensing
The promising field of organic electronics has ushered in a new era of biosensing technology, thus offering a promising frontier for applications in both medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring. 
  • 795
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Heparin–Protamine Particles for Biomedical Application
Heparin and protamine are a clinically relevant pair of biomolecules. Heparin is a mixture of linear anionic polysaccharides with many sulfate groups. In cardiac and vascular surgery, the use of the anticoagulant is followed by the administration of protamine, a small arginine-rich cationic protein, to neutralize the heparin. The fact that pharmaceutical grade heparin and protamine are commercially available and clinically used in cardiac and vascular surgery makes these biomolecules attractive as building blocks for in vivo applications.
  • 788
  • 16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Carbonization Reactions in Biomass Pyrolysis Processes
Biochar is a carbon-rich solid produced during the thermochemical processes of various biomass feedstocks. Biomass pyrolysis is one of the most common processes to produce biochar.
  • 788
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Silk Fibroin in Human and Veterinary Medicine
The properties of silk make it a promising material for medical applications, both in human and veterinary medicine. Its predominant amino acids, glycine and alanine, exhibit low chemical reactivity, reducing the risk of graft rejection, a notable advantage over most synthetic polymers. Hence, silk is increasingly used as a material for 3D printing in biomedicine. It can be used to build cell scaffolding with the desired cytocompatibility and biodegradability. In combination with gelatine, silk can be used in the treatment of arthritis, and as a hydrogel, to regenerate chondrocytes and mesenchymal cells. When combined with gelatine and collagen, it can also make skin grafts and regenerate the integumentary system. In the treatment of bone tissue, it can be used in combination with polylactic acid and hydroxyapatite to produce bone clips having good mechanical properties and high immunological tolerance.
  • 788
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Nano-Scaffolds in Bone Tissue Engineering
Numerous surgeries are carried out to replace tissues that have been harmed by an illness or an accident. Due to various surgical interventions and the requirement of bone substitutes, the emerging field of bone tissue engineering attempts to repair damaged tissues with the help of scaffolds. These scaffolds act as template for bone regeneration by controlling the development of new cells. For the creation of functional tissues and organs, there are three elements of bone tissue engineering that play very crucial role: cells, signals and scaffolds. For the achievement of these aims, various types of natural polymers, like chitosan, chitin, cellulose, albumin and silk fibroin, have been used for the preparation of scaffolds. Scaffolds produced from natural polymers have many advantages: they are less immunogenic as well as being biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic and cost effective. The hierarchal structure of bone, from microscale to nanoscale, is mostly made up of organic and inorganic components like nanohydroxyapatite and collagen components. 
  • 782
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Biomedical Device Related Complications
In 1987, the European Society for Biomaterials coined the term “biomaterial”, defining it as a non-biological material used in medical devices with the specific purpose of interacting with biological systems. Over time, this definition of biomaterial has evolved, adapting to various contexts. Currently, biomaterials are described as materials that actively interact with biological system to assess, treat, promote healing or even replace any tissue or body function.
  • 779
  • 29 Nov 2023
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