Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Jakub Siegel
 + 1752 word(s) 1752 2022-03-04 07:01:52 |
2 formatting changes
Camila Xu
 Meta information modification 1752 2022-03-09 09:33:28 | |
3 formatting changes
Camila Xu
 Meta information modification 1752 2022-03-09 09:33:55 |

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Video Production Services to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Siegel, J. Laser-Promoted Immobilization of Ag Nanoparticles. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/20359 (accessed on 27 December 2024).
Siegel J. Laser-Promoted Immobilization of Ag Nanoparticles. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/20359. Accessed December 27, 2024.
Siegel, Jakub. "Laser-Promoted Immobilization of Ag Nanoparticles" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/20359 (accessed December 27, 2024).
Siegel, J. (2022, March 09). Laser-Promoted Immobilization of Ag Nanoparticles. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/20359
Siegel, Jakub. "Laser-Promoted Immobilization of Ag Nanoparticles." Encyclopedia. Web. 09 March, 2022.
Laser-Promoted Immobilization of Ag Nanoparticles
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/nano12050792

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used for their bacteriostatic or antimicrobial properties. The antibacterial effects of AgNPs have been demonstrated on many bacteria, including bacteria resistant to common antibiotics. They prevent the adhesion and proliferation of bacteria to the surface of materials and suppress microorganisms already adhered. This property is used in the medical field where these materials protect equipment prone to biofilm formation, such as catheters and implants. AgNPs are also used in the treatment of wounds, where they accelerate the conversion of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts (collagen-producing connective tissue cells).

silver nanoparticles polyethyleneterephthalate ripple structures

1. Introduction

Nanoparticles in a polymer matrix play an important role in the potential use of polymer composites in modern nanotechnologies due to their unique electrical [1], catalytic [2], mechanical [3], optical [4], and antimicrobial properties [5][6]. These unique properties are achieved by a combination of physicochemical properties of nanostructured materials [7][8] as well as by the specific surface area of the resulting composite [9], which ensures the yield in processes under consideration.
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used for their bacteriostatic or antimicrobial properties [5]. The antibacterial effects of AgNPs have been demonstrated on many bacteria, including bacteria resistant to common antibiotics [10]. They prevent the adhesion and proliferation of bacteria to the surface of materials and suppress microorganisms already adhered [6]. This property is used in the medical field where these materials protect equipment prone to biofilm formation, such as catheters and implants [11]. AgNPs are also used in the treatment of wounds, where they accelerate the conversion of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts (collagen-producing connective tissue cells) [12].
Catalysis is another important application area where metal nanoparticles play a crucial role [13][14]. Especially in the chemical industry, catalysis has become a key part of the production of chemicals by reducing the activation energy of reactions and accelerating their course [15]. The development of nanomaterials has contributed to heterogeneous catalysts with a large surface area [16]. Silver nanoparticles provide excellent results in dye reduction and removal [17]. Iqbal et al. [18] developed a hydrogel containing AgNPs capable of catalytically decomposing various types of azo dyes into less toxic products. Gels with immobilized AgNPs also serve to reduce amino groups. Begum et al. [19] created gels with AgNPs that remained functional for several months and contributed to the rapid reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol in an aqueous medium with NaBH4.

2. Laser-Promoted Immobilization of Ag Nanoparticles

The shape and the morphology of prepared nanoparticles were characterized by TEM. Figure 1 shows that synthetized silver nanoparticles were mostly spherical with a minimal incidence of rods. The average size of spherical AgNPs was around 20 nm.
Figure 1. TEM image of synthesized AgNPs used in immobilization process.
The surface morphology of pristine PET, laser pre-treated PET with LIPSS structure and PET with immobilized silver NPs was measured by AFM and is depicted in Figure 2. Related surface parameters derived from AFM measurements such as surface roughness Ra and surface area difference SAD (the ratio of the difference between the measured area and the scanned area to the scanned area) are summarized in Table 1. It is evident from Figure 2A that pristine PET exhibited pretty flat surface morphology, which turned into coherent ripple patterns once the PET was irradiated with laser light (Figure 2B). These structures are referred to as LIPSS [8].
Figure 2. AFM images of pristine PET (A); laser pre-treated PET with LIPSS structure (B); and PET with immobilized AgNPs on pristine PET (C,E) and PET with LIPSS structure (D,F).
Table 1. Image characteristics (average surface roughness Ra and surface area difference SAD) derived from AFM analysis. The designation of the samples corresponds to the Figure 2.
Sample Laser Fluence
(mJ cm−2)		 Ra (nm) SAD (%)
PET (A) - 0.78 4.93
LIPSS/PET (B) - 10.5 27.2
AgNPs/PET (C) 10 4.59 16.1
AgNPs/PET (D) 24 27.5 26.2
AgNPs/LIPSS/PET (E) 10 10.3 26.7
AgNPs/LIPSS/PET (F) 24 20.9 32.9
It is evident from Table 1 that once the LIPSS were formed, both surface roughness and SAD increased significantly compared to new PET, which is typical for rugged surfaces with complicated morphology [20]. Figure 2C–F shows the development of surface morphology of PET after immobilization of silver nanoparticles from AgNPs colloids. In addition to the specific morphology changes of the underlying polymer, which will be discussed in detail below, these AFM images clearly show that the polymer surface was evenly decorated by AgNPs, regardless of particular fluence applied or polymer pre-treatment (pristine or LIPSS). Obviously, lower immobilization fluence did not cause any visible changes in the morphology of underlying PET in the case of both pristine and laser-modified samples (Figure 2C,D), which was quantified by a similar Ra and SAD, especially in the case of LIPSS/PET and AgNPs/LIPSS/PET samples (see Table 1). However, when higher laser fluence was applied, the surface morphology of pristine PET was dramatically changed (worm-like structure appeared, accompanied by a significant increase of Ra and SAD, see Table 1) due to considerable material ablation. In the case of AgNPs immobilization on PET with LIPSS, higher fluence degraded the structures in terms of their narrowing; however, the LIPSS were preserved.
A significant difference between the effect of higher fluence applied on pristine PET a PET with LIPSS in the view of the change of surface morphology may be attributed to the reorganization of macromolecular domains and the recrystallization of the polymer typical in the process of LIPSS formation [21][20]. As a result, considerably higher energy is needed to perturb the organized structure of the LIPSS than in the case of pristine PET. Therefore, the observed changes in morphology during the immobilization process at elevated laser fluence (24 mJ cm−2) are much more pronounced in the case of pristine PET when compared to PET with LIPSS structure.
The surface morphology of AgNPs decorated polymers was observed also by FEGSEM microscopy (Figure 3) to better visualize the AgNPs through the different material contrast (metal/polymer). Figure 3A,B show smooth and coherently patterned PET (LIPSS) with immobilized Ag nanoparticles under the fluencies of 10 mJ cm−2. Similarly to AFM analysis, it follows from SEM micrographs that under the lower immobilization fluence, the morphology of the underlying polymer remained fully preserved and AgNPs evenly decorated the polymer. When the immobilization fluence increased to 24 mJ cm−2, the most pronounced change in the surface morphology occurred at originally planar polymer, while PET with LIPSS structure exhibited only minor disturbances of the periodic structure (see Figure 3C,D). The cause of this different behavior was discussed in the previous paragraph and most probably was related to the presence of the LIPSS themselves. It is also evident that regardless of the nature of the polymer surface after nanoparticle immobilization (smooth, rough, or with LIPSS structure), the AgNPs were always located at the same surface area of the polymer.
Figure 3. FEGSEM micrographs showing the surface morphology of PET immobilized with AgNPs at laser fluencies of 10 (A,B) and 24 mJ cm−2 (C,D) on pristine PET (A,C) and PET with LIPSS structure (B,D). Micrographs were recorded with an in-beam SE detector at accelerating voltage 3 kV.
To track the changes in the chemical composition of the polymer surface, researchers performed the XPS analysis. Atomic concentrations of elements are summarized in Table 2. Atomic concentrations of C and O in pristine PET correspond well with the theoretical content based on polymer stoichiometry [22], 71.4 and 28.6 for C and O, respectively. Once the LIPSS structures were formed, the elemental composition was shifted towards oxygen at the expense of carbon, the effect of which was due to rearrangement of polymer macromolecules, their reorientation, and partial oxidation during the process of ripple patterns formation [20]. After the AgNPs immobilization, Ag was detected on all samples in concentrations exceeding 10 at.%, regardless on both specific laser fluence applied and input polymer treatment; however, one can see slightly increased Ag content on PET with LIPSS structure. This may probably be caused by the increased affinity of silver nanoparticles (which usually carry positive charge [23]) to the LIPSS surface, which exhibits a higher concentration of oxygen than pristine PET and thus carries a partial negative charge. It is evident that the higher the immobilization fluence, the higher the Ag content, regardless of whether or not the LIPSS structure is present.
Table 2. Concentrations of silver Ag3d, carbon C1s, and oxygen O1s (in at.%) in pristine, LIPSS modified, and AgNPs immobilized PET, derived from XPS analysis. The designation of the samples corresponds to Figure 2.
Sample Laser Fluence
(mJ cm−2)		 Ag C O
PET (A) - - 71.0 29.0
LIPSS/PET (B) - - 67.2 32.8
AgNPs/PET (C) 10 10.7 67.7 21.6
AgNPs/PET (D) 24 11.3 66.5 22.2
AgNPs/LIPSS/PET (E) 10 13.1 65.8 21.1
AgNPs/LIPSS/PET (F) 24 15.1 63.5 21.4
In Figure 4, the absorption spectra of the samples after irradiation in a colloidal solution of AgNPs are shown. Researchers present the data in the range of wavelengths from 330 to 580 nm because the maximum of the LSPR band of silver nanoparticles is located in this area (typically 400–410 nm [24]). The coalescence of NPs did not cause the extension of the absorbance bands during immobilization into the PET surface (see SEM images, Figure 3), but rather by the change of dielectric environment, the essence of which is the shortening of polymer chains, the formation of volatile substances and their crosslinking, the formation of carbon clusters, and in some cases, the formation of multiple bonds [25].
Figure 4. UV-Vis absorption spectra of AgNPs immobilized with the fluence of 10 mJ cm−2 on pristine PET (10_PET) and PET with LIPSS structure (10_PET_LIPSS) and with the fluence of 24 mJ cm−2 on pristine PET (24_PET) and PET with LIPSS structure (24_PET_LIPSS).
However, the change of dielectric conditions is not the only phenomenon observed in the spectra. The multimodality of the absorption bands in the samples with LIPSS structure was caused by the coupling effect [26]. The increase in absorbance is due to the excitation of the waveguide modes of the structure. These modes are related to the electromagnetic distribution inside the material; they oscillate inside the waveguide and partially penetrate the outer area. The rate of coupling size affects the refractive index, wavelength, and shorter structure size (width) [27]. The formation of LIPSS changed the refractive index on the PET surface [28]. The change in the refractive index likely manifested itself also in the sample with a worm-like structure (see curve 24_PET). Coupling was observed in the spectra of these samples as small peaks at 350, 370, 430, 460 nm. LSPR, therefore, influenced the measured UV-Vis spectra in silver nanoparticles (410 nm), the change of dielectric environment due to polymer modification, and electromagnetic coupling. Generally, the higher absorbance of the structures formed with the fluence of 24 mJ cm−2 (compared to their 10 mJ cm−2 counterparts) is in accordance with the increase of multiple double bonds as a consequence of cross-linking of macromolecules after the interaction of intense light with the polymer.

References

  1. Naghdi, S.; Rhee, K.Y.; Hui, D.; Park, S.J. A Review of Conductive Metal Nanomaterials as Conductive, Transparent, and Flexible Coatings, Thin Films, and Conductive Fillers: Different Deposition Methods and Applications. Coatings 2018, 8, 278.
  2. Fukuzumi, S.; Yamada, Y. Catalytic activity of metal-based nanoparticles for photocatalytic water oxidation and reduction. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 24284–24296.
  3. Díez-Pascual, A.M. Nanoparticle Reinforced Polymers. Polymers 2019, 11, 625.
  4. Fu, B.; Sun, J.; Cheng, Y.; Ouyang, H.; Compagnini, G.; Yin, P.; Wei, S.; Li, S.; Li, D.; Scardaci, V.; et al. Recent Progress on Metal-Based Nanomaterials: Fabrications, Optical Properties, and Applications in Ultrafast Photonics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2107363.
  5. Naganthran, A.; Verasoundarapandian, G.; Khalid, F.E.; Masarudin, M.J.; Zulkharnain, A.; Nawawi, N.M.; Karim, M.; Che Abdullah, C.A.; Ahmad, S.A. Synthesis, Characterization and Biomedical Application of Silver Nanoparticles. Materials 2022, 15, 427.
  6. Zare, E.N.; Jamaledin, R.; Naserzadeh, P.; Afjeh-Dana, E.; Ashtari, B.; Hosseinzadeh, M.; Vecchione, R.; Wu, A.; Tay, F.R.; Borzacchiello, A.; et al. Metal-Based Nanostructures/PLGA Nanocomposites: Antimicrobial Activity, Cytotoxicity, and Their Biomedical Applications. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 3279–3300.
  7. Prakash, J.; Pivin, J.C.; Swart, H.C. Noble metal nanoparticles embedding into polymeric materials: From fundamentals to applications. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2015, 226, 187–202.
  8. Barb, R.A.; Hrelescu, C.; Dong, L.; Heitz, J.; Siegel, J.; Slepicka, P.; Vosmanska, V.; Svorcik, V.; Magnus, B.; Marksteiner, R.; et al. Laser-induced periodic surface structures on polymers for formation of gold nanowires and activation of human cells. Appl. Phys. A 2014, 117, 295–300.
  9. De Guzman, M.R.; Wen, Y.-H.; Du, J.; Yuan, L.; Wu, C.-S.; Hung, W.-S.; Guo, J.-P.; Yao, Y.-L.; Yuan, S.; Wang, R.-Y.; et al. Characterization of antibacterial nanocomposites of polyethylene terephthalate filled with nanosilver-doped carbon black. Polym. Polym. Compos. 2021, 29, 797–806.
  10. Boboc, M.; Curti, F.; Fleaca, A.M.; Jianu, M.L.; Rosu, A.-M.; Curutiu, C.; Lazar, V.; Chifiriuc, M.C.; Grumezescu, A.M. Preparation and Antimicrobial Activity of Inorganic Nanoparticles: Promising Solutions to Fight Antibiotic Resistance. In Nanostructures for Antimicrobial Therapy; Ficai, A., Grumezescu, A.M., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2017; pp. 325–340.
  11. Saravanan, S.; Nethala, S.; Pattnaik, S.; Tripathi, A.; Moorthi, A.; Selvamurugan, N. Preparation, characterization and antimicrobial activity of a bio-composite scaffold containing chitosan/nano-hydroxyapatite/nano-silver for bone tissue engineering. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2011, 49, 188–193.
  12. Paladini, F.; Pollini, M. Antimicrobial Silver Nanoparticles for Wound Healing Application: Progress and Future Trends. Materials 2019, 12, 2540.
  13. Narayan, N.; Meiyazhagan, A.; Vajtai, R. Metal Nanoparticles as Green Catalysts. Materials 2019, 12, 3602.
  14. Zhou, Y.; Jin, C.; Li, Y.; Shen, W. Dynamic behavior of metal nanoparticles for catalysis. Nano Today 2018, 20, 101–120.
  15. Kim, C.; Lee, H. Light-assisted surface reactions on metal nanoparticles. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2018, 8, 3718–3727.
  16. Wang, Y.; Arandiyan, H.; Scott, J.; Bagheri, A.; Dai, H.X.; Amal, R. Recent advances in ordered meso/macroporous metal oxides for heterogeneous catalysis: A review. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 8825–8846.
  17. Edison, T.J.I.; Sethuraman, M.G. Instant green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Terminalia chebula fruit extract and evaluation of their catalytic activity on reduction of methylene blue. Process Biochem. 2012, 47, 1351–1357.
  18. Iqbal, S.; Zahoor, C.; Musaddiq, S.; Hussain, M.; Begum, R.; Irfan, A.; Azam, M.; Farooqi, Z.H. Silver nanoparticles stabilized in polymer hydrogels for catalytic degradation of azo dyes. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2020, 202, 110924.
  19. Begum, R.; Farooqi, Z.H.; Ahmed, E.; Naseem, K.; Ashraf, S.; Sharif, A.; Rehan, R. Catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol using silver nanoparticles-engineered poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide) hybrid microgels. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 2017, 31, e3563.
  20. Cui, J.; Nogales, A.; Ezquerra, T.A.; Rebollar, E. Influence of substrate and film thickness on polymer LIPSS formation. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2017, 394, 125–131.
  21. Siegel, J.; Heitz, J.; Svorcik, V. Self-organized gold nanostructures on laser patterned PET. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2011, 206, 517–521.
  22. Doren, A.; Genet, M.J.; Rouxhet, P.G. Analysis of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) by XPS. Surf. Sci. Spectra 1994, 3, 337–341.
  23. Abbaszadegan, A.; Ghahramani, Y.; Gholami, A.; Hemmateenejad, B.; Dorostkar, S.; Nabavizadeh, M.; Sharghi, H. The Effect of Charge at the Surface of Silver Nanoparticles on Antimicrobial Activity against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria: A Preliminary Study. J. Nanomater. 2015, 2015, 720654.
  24. Amendola, V.; Bakr, O.M.; Stellacci, F. A Study of the Surface Plasmon Resonance of Silver Nanoparticles by the Discrete Dipole Approximation Method: Effect of Shape, Size, Structure, and Assembly. Plasmonics 2010, 5, 85–97.
  25. Chawla, M.; Rubi; Kumar, R.; Sharma, A.; Aggarwal, S.; Kumar, P.; Kanjilal, D. Tailoring Structural Properties of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) by 200 keV Ar+ Implantation. In Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Condensed Matter and Materials Physics (CMMP 2012), Vallabh Vidyanagar, India, 3–5 March 2013; p. 221.
  26. Krajcar, R.; Siegel, J.; Lyutakov, O.; Slepicka, P.; Svorcik, V. Optical response of anisotropic silver nanostructures on polarized light. Mater. Lett. 2014, 137, 72–74.
  27. Li, J.; Li, K.; Schuster, C.; Su, R.; Wang, X.; Borges, B.-H.V.; Krauss, T.F.; Martins, E.R. Spatial resolution effect of light coupling structures. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 1–8.
  28. Csete, M.; Bor, Z. Laser-induced periodic surface structure formation on polyethylene-terephthalate. Appl. Surf. Sci. 1998, 133, 5–16.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Materials Science, Biomaterials
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Jakub Siegel
View Times: 575
Revisions: 3 times (View History)
Update Date: 09 Mar 2022
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Video Production Service
    Feedback