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Topic Review
Computer-Vision-Based Water Level Measurement
Water level measurement is an important component of hydrological monitoring and water resources management. Information such as runoff, water supply volumes and flood discharge is usually calculated based on water level measurement. To alleviate the problems associated with manual and contact measurements, the computer-vision-based approaches rely on the automatic acquisition and analysis of water surface images. Images allow the capture of water surfaces without interruption to provide insight into the continuous change of water level. Computer vision can automatically acquire and understand the meaningful information in images, such as the scope of water surface area, water line, gauge characters, etc., to obtain faster recognition speed and more accurate and stable results than human in the water level measurement task.
  • 3.3K
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Red Fox
The Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) is a highly adaptable mammal belonging to the Canidae family, widely distributed across the Northern Hemisphere. Renowned for its stunning reddish-orange fur and bushy tail, the Red Fox is a proficient predator, preying on small mammals, birds, and even insects. Its remarkable ability to thrive in various habitats, from forests to urban areas, has cemented its status as one of the most successful carnivores worldwide.
  • 3.3K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Tissues to Implant Abutments
This entry is based on the fact that physical or biomechanical phenomena can cause biologic results. Implant-abutment connection structures determine the stability of soft tissue attachment to abutments. The bone responses to the strain that the stress is converted to, not the stress itself. Some implant-abutment materials and connection designs prevent the marginal bone loss by converting the stress to the strain stimulating bone apposition properly. These biomechanical interpretation of soft tissue seal and bone stimulation should be understood for the clinical long-term success of dental implants.
  • 3.3K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Extra Virgin Olive Oil
Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is responsible for a large part of many health benefits associated with Mediterranean diet as it is a fundamental ingredient of this diet. The peculiarities of this golden highly valued product are in part due to the requirements that must be met to achieve this title, namely, it has to be obtained using exclusively mechanical procedures, its free acidity cannot be greater than 0.8%, it must not show sensory defects and it has to possess a fruity taste. All these characteristics are key factors to EVOO quality, thus the chemical composition of these many health-promoting compounds, such as unsaturated fatty acids (which are also the major compounds, especially oleic acid), as well as minor components such as tocopherols or phenolic compounds (which behave as natural antioxidants) must be preserved. Due to the presence of all these compounds, the daily consumption of EVOO entails health benefits such as cardioprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor properties or acting as regulators of the intestinal microbiota, among others. Taking all together, conserving EVOO chemical composition is essential to preserve its properties, so it is worth to control certain factors during storage like exposure to light, temperature, oxygen presence or the chosen packaging material, to maintain its quality and extend its shelf-life until its consumption.
  • 3.3K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
OES for Atmospheric Plasma Jets
A suitable technique for localized surface treatment of solid materials is an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ). The properties of the APPJ plasma often depend on small details like the concentration of gaseous impurities what influences the surface kinetics. The simplest and often most useful configuration of the APPJ is presented, characterized by optical emission spectroscopy (OES), and results are discussed in view of various papers. 
  • 3.3K
  • 31 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Patent Foramen Ovale
A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a commonly discovered potential opening between the right atrium (RA) and left atrium (LA) on routine echocardiographic surveillance in an otherwise asymptomatic infant or child. The importance of a PFO in some critical congenital heart defects (CHD), especially in neonates, is well recognized. 
  • 3.3K
  • 24 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Weaponization of Finance
The term weaponization of finance refers to the foreign policy strategy of using incentives (access to capital markets) and penalties (varied types of sanctions) as tools of coercive diplomacy. The term was first coined by political scientists Ian Bremmer and Cliff Kupchan. It became one of the main themes of the Eurasia Group’s Top Risks 2015 report. It is a reference to the new ways in which the United States is using its influence to affect global outcomes. Rather than rely on traditional elements of America’s security advantage – including US-led alliances such as NATO and multi-lateral institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund – Washington is now ‘weaponizing finance’ by limiting access to the US marketplace and US banks as an instrument of its foreign and security policy.
  • 3.3K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Biography
Gregory Benford
Gregory Benford (born January 30, 1941) is an American science fiction author and astrophysicist who is on the faculty of the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of California, Irvine. He is also a contributing editor of Reason magazine.[1] As a science fiction author, Benford is perhaps best known for the Galactic Center Saga novels, beginning with In the Ocean of Night (1977
  • 3.3K
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Clay-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
Clay-based polymer nanocomposites are often referred to as polymer layered silicates, nanostructured polymers, or simply polymer nanocomposites. These polymers are reinforced with inorganic particles containing at least one dimension in the nanometric scale (<100 nm). Compared to traditional composites (macro- or microscale), polymer nanocomposites offer the opportunity to explore new behaviors and functionalities beyond conventional polymers. Nanoparticles often strongly influence the mechanical properties of polymers in very low volume fractions due to the relatively short distance between nanoparticles, molecular compatibility, and interfacial interaction between the particles and the polymer chains.
  • 3.3K
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
FreeNAS
FreeNAS is a free and open-source network-attached storage (NAS) operating system based on FreeBSD and the OpenZFS file system. It is licensed under the terms of the BSD License and runs on commodity x86-64 hardware. FreeNAS supports Windows, macOS and Unix clients and various virtualization hosts such as XenServer and VMware using the SMB, AFP, NFS, iSCSI, SSH, rsync and FTP/TFTP protocols. Advanced FreeNAS features include full-disk encryption and a plug-in architecture for third-party software.
  • 3.3K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Middle Mongol Language
Middle Mongol or Middle Mongolian was a Mongolic koiné language spoken in the Mongol Empire. Originating from Genghis Khan's home region of northeastern Mongolia, it diversified into several Mongolic languages after the collapse of the empire. In comparison to Modern Mongolian, it is known to have had no long vowels, different vowel harmony and verbal systems and a slightly different case system.
  • 3.3K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Aspects of Thyroid Calcification
In thyroid cancer, calcification is mainly present in classical papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and in medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), despite being described in benign lesions and in other subtypes of thyroid carcinomas. Thyroid calcifications are classified according to their diameter and location. At ultrasonography, microcalcifications appear as hyperechoic spots ≤ 1 mm in diameter and can be named as stromal calcification, bone formation, or psammoma bodies (PBs), whereas calcifications > 1 mm are macrocalcifications. The mechanism of their formation is still poorly understood. Microcalcifications are generally accepted as a reliable indicator of malignancy as they mostly represent PBs. In order to progress in terms of the understanding of the mechanisms behind calcification occurring in thyroid tumors in general, and in PTC in particular, we decided to use histopathology as the basis of the possible cellular and molecular mechanisms of calcification formation in thyroid cancer. We explored the involvement of molecules such as runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx-2), osteonectin/secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteopontin (OPN) in the formation of calcification. The present review offers a novel insight into the mechanisms underlying the development of calcification in thyroid cancer.
  • 3.3K
  • 02 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Geopolitical Risk
Geopolitical risk (GPR) is defined as the risk associated with terror threats, war threats, nuclear threats and military build-ups between states or countries that disrupt the usual, peaceful conduct of international affairs.
  • 3.3K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Major Pathological Hallmarks of Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system which is characterized by demyelinating lesions and axonal damage. MS is a complex disease characterized by important pathophysiological heterogeneity affecting the clinical appearance, progression and therapeutic response for each patient. Therefore, there is a strong unmet need to define specific biomarkers that will reflect the different features of the disease. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most commonly used experimental model for the study of MS, as it resembles the pathological features of human MS in many aspects and has allowed for the elucidation of pathogenesis pathways and the validation of certain targets for MS therapies. 
  • 3.3K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Battery Equalizer Circuits
In this entry, several battery equalizer circuits are reviewed and simulated. In addition, a table is presented where the main characteristics of the equalizers are summarized. These characteristics are used to assign a score to each circuit with respect to how many characteristics are similar to the ideal equalizer. Finally, a methodology is presented to compare these equalizers, taking into account the results obtained from the table.
  • 3.3K
  • 25 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Explicit Memory
Explicit memory (or declarative memory) is one of the two main types of long-term human memory, the other of which is implicit memory. Explicit memory is the conscious, intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences, and concepts. This type of memory is dependent upon three processes: acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval. Explicit memory can be divided into two categories: episodic memory, which stores specific personal experiences, and semantic memory, which stores factual information. Explicit memory requires gradual learning, with multiple presentations of a stimulus and response. Procedural memory, a type of implicit (or non-declarative) memory, refers to unconscious memories such as skills (e.g. knowing how to get dressed, eat, drive, ride a bicycle without having to re-learn the skill each time). Procedural memory learns rule-like relations, whereas explicit memory learns relations that are arbitrary. Unlike explicit memory, procedural memory learns rapidly, even from a single stimulus, and it is influenced by other mental systems. Sometimes a distinction is made between explicit memory and declarative memory. In such cases, explicit memory relates to any kind of conscious memory, and declarative memory relates to any kind of memory that can be described in words; however, if it is assumed that a memory cannot be described without being conscious and vice versa, then the two concepts are identical.
  • 3.3K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Phytochemicals Used for Hair Dyeing
Natural dyes have been used since ancient times, when they were used not only for hair coloration, but also for medicinal, decoration and religious purposes. Many organic compounds have been identified as the principal coloring matters in hair dye plants and investigated for dyeing performance under experimental conditions. Natural colorants can be classified based on dye source, application method and chemical structure.
  • 3.3K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Form of Action
The forms of action were the different procedures by which a legal claim could be made during much of the history of the English common law. Depending on the court, a plaintiff would purchase a writ in Chancery (or file a bill) which would set in motion a series of events eventually leading to a trial in one of the medieval common law courts. Each writ entailed a different set of procedures and remedies which together amounted to the "form of action". The forms of action were abolished during the 19th century, but they have left an indelible mark on the law. In the early Middle Ages, the focus was on the procedure that was employed to bring one's claim to the royal courts of King's Bench or Common Pleas: it was the form of one's action, not its substance, which occupied legal discussion. This restrictive approach is one of the reasons which attracted litigants to petition the King directly, which eventually led to the development of a separate court known as the Court of Chancery, from which the body of law known as equity derives. Modern English law, as in most other legal systems, now looks to substance rather than to form: a claimant need only demonstrate that he or she has a valid cause of action.
  • 3.3K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Antioxidant and Potential Antitumor Activity of Aronia Berries
Aronia berry (black chokeberry) is a shrub native to North America, of which the fresh fruits are used in the food industry to produce different types of dietary products. The fruits of Aronia melanocarpa (Aronia berries) have been found to show multiple bioactivities potentially beneficial to human health, including antidiabetic, anti-infective, antineoplastic, antiobesity, and antioxidant activities, as well as heart-, liver-, and neuroprotective effects. 
  • 3.3K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Hedgehog Signaling Pathway
Hedgehog–GLI (HH) signaling plays an essential role in embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis. Aberrant activation of the pathway through mutations or other mechanisms is involved in the development and progression of numerous types of cancer, including basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, melanoma, breast, prostate, hepatocellular and pancreatic carcinomas. Activation of HH signaling sustains proliferation, suppresses cell death signals, enhances invasion and metastasis, deregulates cellular metabolism and promotes angiogenesis and tumor inflammation. Targeted inhibition of the HH pathway has therefore emerged as an attractive therapeutic strategy for the treatment of a wide range of cancers.
  • 3.3K
  • 18 Jan 2023
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