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HandWiki. Middle Mongol Language. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32585 (accessed on 23 September 2026).
HandWiki. Middle Mongol Language. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32585. Accessed September 23, 2026.
HandWiki. "Middle Mongol Language" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32585 (accessed September 23, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 03). Middle Mongol Language. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32585
HandWiki. "Middle Mongol Language." Encyclopedia. Web. 03 November, 2022.
Middle Mongol Language
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Social:Middle_Mongol_language

Middle Mongol or Middle Mongolian was a Mongolic koiné language spoken in the Mongol Empire. Originating from Genghis Khan's home region of northeastern Mongolia, it diversified into several Mongolic languages after the collapse of the empire. In comparison to Modern Mongolian, it is known to have had no long vowels, different vowel harmony and verbal systems and a slightly different case system.

mongolian mongol mongolia

References

  1. Janhunen 2003a: 2-3
  2. For a fine-grained discussion on this matter, see de Rachewiltz 1999
  3. Janhunen 2003b: 391-394
  4. Vovin, Alexander. "A Sketch of the Earliest Mongolic Language: the Brāhmī Bugut and Khüis Tolgoi Inscriptions" (in en). International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics 1 (1): 162–197. ISSN 2589-8825. https://www.academia.edu/39716045/A_Sketch_of_the_Earliest_Mongolic_Language_the_Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB_Bugut_and_Kh%C3%BCis_Tolgoi_Inscriptions. 
  5. Rybatzki 2003: 57
  6. Poppe 1964: 1
  7. Cleaves 1950
  8. Rybatzki 2003: 58
  9. e.g. Γarudi 2002: 7
  10. de Rachewiltz 1976
  11. Atwood 2007
  12. de Rachewiltz 2004: xxix-xxxiv, xl-lix
  13. See Rachewiltz 1999 for a critical review of the terminology used in periodizations of Mongolic
  14. Svantesson et al. 2005: 98-99
  15. Rybatzki 2003: 57
  16. Svantesson et al. 2005: 111, 118
  17. e.g. Poppe 1955
  18. Note that while Poppe writes /p/ and /b/, he explains it as /p ~ b/ and /pʰ/.
  19. Rybatzki 2003: 78
  20. Except for the marked translations from de Rachewiltz and Cleaves, all information in the following discussion up to but not including the comparison with modern Mongolian were taken from Poppe 1965. Poppe also argues for a “passive of necessity and possibility”, but part of his examples can be refuted and part are rhetorical questions that don’t fit the category (although they are peculiar).
  21. de Rachewiltz 2004: 101
  22. Cleaves 1982: 87. “wives and sons” might also have been a general term for ‘family’. De Rachewiltz 2004: 82, 591 simply translates "of my people and my wife here" in accordance with his interpretation of §162.
  23. Cleaves 1982: 46
  24. Ōsaki 2006: 216. The translation adapts elements from Cleaves 1982: 136, but follows the Mongolian translation below in assuming that ir- is related to the position of Genghis, not of Jamuqa. This interpretation is in full agreement with de Rachewiltz 2004: 129: 'when Jamuqa was brought here by his companions' (cursive marking by de Rachewiltz).
  25. Bira et al. 2004
  26. The argument and the four examples below are taken from Ōsaki 2006: 245-247.
  27. de Rachewiltz 2004: 109, 667. He points out that Kököčü most likely held considerable social status.
  28. de Rachewiltz 2004: 6
  29. de Rachewiltz 2004: 110
  30. Cleaves 1982: 116. The plural reading is perhaps more likely here.
  31. Гarudi 2002: 336-339
  32. Rybatzki 2003: 65
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