Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles as Novel Treatments
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) represent a promising therapy for musculoskeletal diseases. There is compelling evidence indicating that MSC effects are mainly mediated by paracrine mechanisms and in particular by the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Many studies have thus suggested that EVs may be an alternative to cell therapy with MSCs in tissue repair.
  • 753
  • 14 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Role of Orexins in Regulation of Stress Response
The orexin/hypocretin neuropeptide family has emerged as a focal point of neuroscientific research following the discovery that this family plays a crucial role in a variety of physiological and behavioral processes. These neuropeptides serve as powerful neuromodulators, intricately shaping autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral responses across species. Notably, they serve as master regulators of vigilance and stress responses; however, their roles in food intake, metabolism, and thermoregulation appear complementary and warrant further investigation.
  • 753
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Circulating Tumor Cell
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been studied using multiple technical approaches for interrogating various cancers, as they allow for the real-time assessment of tumor progression, disease recurrence, treatment response, and tumor molecular profiling without the need for a tumor tissue biopsy.
  • 752
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Overview of Human Reproduction and Unintended Pregnancy
Hormonal contraceptives, by their nature, prevent pregnancy by regulating pituitary production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which act as reproductive signals for ovulation in women and sperm maturation in men. Unintended pregnancies are pregnancies that occur in advance of a preferred timeframe or completely unplanned. Each year, 121 million unintended pregnancies occur, accounting for nearly half (48%) of all pregnancies across the globe. 
  • 751
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Curcumin and Inflammasome
Curcumin, a traditional Chinese medicine extracted from natural plant rhizomes, has become a candidate drug for the treatment of different diseases due to its anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. Curcumin is generally beneficial to human health, with anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties, as well as antitumor and immune regulation properties. Inflammasomes are nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) proteins that are active in response to a variety of stress signals and promote the proteolytic conversion of pro-interleukin-1β and pro-interleukin-18 to active forms, which are central mediators of the inflammatory response; inflammasomes can also induce pyroptosis, a type of cell death. The NLRP3 protein is involved in a variety of inflammatory pathologies, including neurological and autoimmune disorders, lung diseases, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and many others. Different functional foods may have preventive and therapeutic effects in a wide range of pathologies in which inflammasome protein results activated.
  • 750
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Potential of Noscapine in Cancer Treatment
Noscapine is a naturally occurring alkaloid isolated from Papaver somniferum, commonly known as opium poppy or bread seed poppy. It edges over other opioids as it lacks addictive, sedative or euphoric effects. Noscapine, a substance first noted for its antitussive and anti-stroke qualities, has drawn significant interest for its potential as a cancer treatment.
  • 749
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Characterization of Urine-Derived Stem Cells
Urine-derived stem cells (USC) of kidney origin, obtained via non-invasive acquisition, possess high stemness properties, self-renewal ability, trophic effects, multipotent differentiation potential, and immunomodulatory ability.
  • 748
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Haptoglobin Polymorphism on Stroke in Sickle Cell Disease
Haptoglobin (Hp) is a blood serum glycoprotein responsible for binding and removing toxic free hemoglobin from the vasculature. Understanding the role of the various Hp isoforms in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) is critical in combating blood toxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress, and even stroke. Ischemic stroke occurs when a blocked vessel decreases oxygen delivery in the blood to cerebral tissue and is commonly associated with SCD, and Hp can potentially help to understand how this occur and how to potentially prevent the neurological damage.. 
  • 747
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Structures of Anti-Inflammatory SMs from NPs
Natural products (NPs) have played a vital role in human survival for millennia, particularly for their medicinal properties. Inflammation, derived from the Latin word “inflammation”, is a biological response activated by disruptions to tissue structures from various stimuli, which is commonly indicated as acute or chronic, depending on the response nature and resolution ability. SMs sourced from NPs offer the potential bioactive drug lead compounds.
  • 745
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
CADD Methods in Development of Rat Sarcoma Inhibitors
Computer-aided drug design (CADD) has been increasingly important for the discovery of new inhibitors targeting Rat Sarcoma (RAS) and its upstream or downstream signaling pathways. Based on high-resolution 3D apo or complex structures of RAS and its upstream and downstream proteins, structure-based CADD (SB-CADD) is the optimal strategy for successful inhibitor discovery, especially virtual high-throughput screening (vHTS) in combination with molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In addition, ligand-based CADD (LB-CADD) is also an essential strategy for inhibitor discovery that includes quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) and pharmacophore modeling. More advanced computer algorithms, such as machine learning, are also promising for the discovery of RAS-related inhibitors.
  • 744
  • 16 Sep 2022
Topic Review
The Longevity Protein Klotho as a Biomarker
Discovered in 1997, the klotho gene (KL) codes for a transmembrane protein mainly expressed in the kidneys and, in smaller quantities, in the brain, parathyroid glands, peripheral blood cells, and vascular tissues. The klotho protein has great potential to be used as a biological marker since a high serum level of klotho is associated with health and longevity.
  • 744
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Migraine with Aura
A sizable portion of the world’s population suffers from migraines with aura. Estrogen is crucial in migraine pathophysiology, especially in women, which might be used to develop hormone-regulating medications. Migraine’s underlying mechanism or visual abnormalities may explain migraine sufferers’ variations in brain activity or visual system processing.
  • 743
  • 16 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Metals as Antimicrobials
The nature of microorganisms and the efficiency of antimicrobials have witnessed a huge co-dependent change in their dynamics over the last few decades. On the other side, metals and metallic compounds have gained popularity owing to their effectiveness against various microbial strains.
  • 742
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Use of Genomic Databases in Medicine
Attention has been increasingly focused on the non-coding sequences that encompass 98% of the genome and may play an important regulatory function. The first WGS-based datasets have already been released including underrepresented populations. Although many databases contain pooled data from several cohorts, the importance of local databases has been highlighted. Genomic databases are not only collecting data but may also contribute to better diagnostics and therapies. They may find applications in population studies, rare diseases, oncology, pharmacogenetics, and infectious and inflammatory diseases. Further data may be analysed with Al technologies and in the context of other omics data. 
  • 741
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Therapy
Despite the tremendous efforts of many researchers and clinicians, cancer remains the second leading cause of mortality worldwide. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells residing in numerous human tissues and presenting unique biological properties, such as low immunogenicity, powerful immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive capabilities, and, in particular, homing abilities. Therapeutic functions of MSCs are mediated mostly by the paracrine effect of released functional molecules and other variable components, and among them the MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) seem to be one of the central mediators of the therapeutic functions of MSCs. MSC-EVs are membrane structures secreted by the MSCs, rich in specific proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Amongst these, microRNAs have achieved the most attention. Unmodified MSC-EVs can promote or inhibit tumor growth, while modified MSC-EVs are involved in the suppression of cancer progression via the delivery of therapeutic molecules, including miRNAs, specific siRNAs, or suicide RNAs, as well as chemotherapeutic drugs. 
  • 740
  • 29 May 2023
Topic Review
Mediators of Hepatotoxicity from Excess of Lipids
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently the leading cause of chronic liver disease in Western countries; the molecular mechanisms leading to NAFLD are only partially understood and there are no effective therapeutic interventions. The prevalence of liver disease is constantly increasing in industrialized countries due to a number of lifestyle variables, including excessive caloric intake, unbalanced diet, lack of physical activity, and abuse of hepatotoxic medicines. 
  • 739
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Genetic Contributions to the Development of Fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a centrally and peripherally mediated chronic pain syndrome with biological, psychological, and environmental predispositions. It is estimated that the prevalence of FM in the general population is 2%. FM is characterized by generalized chronic pain, fatigue, sleep changes, decreased cognitive function, and numerous tender points throughout the body. Diagnosing and treating FM are challenging. FM has a high comorbidity rate with rheumatologic disorders such as psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Many FM individuals have psychiatric disorders.
  • 738
  • 12 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Machine Learning Algorithms in Developing CNS Biomarkers
Drawing from an extensive review of 66 publications, a comprehensive overview of the diverse approaches to creating mHealth-based biomarkers using machine learning is presented herein. By exploring the current landscape of biomarker development using mHealth technologies and machine learning, researchers aim to provide valuable insights into this rapidly evolving field. By doing so, researchers reflect on current challenges in this field and propose recommendations for ensuring the development of accurate, reliable, and interpretable biomarkers.
  • 738
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Boron Neutron Capture Therapy and Boron Delivery Agents
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a binary modality that is used to treat a variety of malignancies, using neutrons to irradiate boron-10 (10B) nuclei that have entered tumor cells to produce highly linear energy transfer (LET) alpha particles and recoil 7Li nuclei (10B [n, α] 7Li). The development of boron delivery agents has ushered in a new opportunity with the improvement of synthetic techniques and the increased understanding of the biochemical properties of groups.
  • 734
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species in Endothelial Cells
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are radical oxygen intermediates that serve as important second messengers in signal transduction. However, when the accumulation of these molecules exceeds the buffering capacity of antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress and endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction occur.
  • 734
  • 07 Jun 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 35
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback