Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Cyclotide Scaffold for Targeting Biomolecular Interactions
The selective disruption of protein–protein interactions remains challenging, as the interacting surfaces are relatively large and flat. However, highly constrained polypeptide-based molecular frameworks with cell-permeability properties, such as the cyclotide scaffold, have shown great promise for targeting those biomolecular interactions. 
  • 887
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Microbiota and Myopericarditis
Myopericarditis is an inflammatory heart condition involving the pericardium and myocardium. It can lead to heart failure, dilated cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia and sudden death. Its pathogenesis is mainly mediated by viral infections but also can be induced by bacterial infections, toxic substances and immune mediated disorders. 
  • 886
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Gan-Mai-Da-Zao and Depression in Rat Models
Gan-Mai-Da-Zao (GMDZ) is a well-known product in Chinese traditional medicine and includes three major plants: blighted wheat (Fu Mai), licorice (Gan Cao), and jujube (Da Zao). GMDZ is widely used as an efficacious and well-tolerated prescription for depression in clinics. 
  • 883
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Plant-Derived and Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles as Oral Therapeutics
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from various sources, including edible plants, milk, bacteria and mammalian cells, have emerged as a platform for miRNA and drug delivery that seem to induce the expected immune effects locally and in distant tissues after oral administration. Such a possibility greatly expands the clinical applicability of EVs. Much focuses are on the EVs from edible plants and bacteria. Growing evidence has suggested possible therapeutic applications for nanoparticles derived from edible plants, especially when administered orally to induce immunomodulation. And it was emphasized that the important immunomodulatory impact of microbiota may also be mediated by microbial EVs, formerly called outer membrane vesicles (OMVs).
  • 883
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontitis
Diabetes and periodontitis are two of the most prevalent diseases worldwide that negatively impact the quality of life of the individual suffering from them. They are part of the chronic inflammatory disease group or, as recently mentioned, non-communicable diseases, with inflammation being the meeting point among them. Inflammation hitherto includes vascular and tissue changes, but new technologies provide data at the intracellular level that could explain how the cells respond to the aggression more clearly. 
  • 880
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Status of Oxidative Stress in Alcohol Dependence
Alcohol-induced oxidative stress (OS) plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of alcohol dependence (AD). The opposite trends in the level of SOD and GPx activities in serum/plasma and erythrocytes of male patients could be used as the biomarker of alcohol-induced OS injury, and the synergistic changes of MDA, vitamin B12, albumin, bilirubin, and homocysteine levels should also be considered.
  • 880
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Somatic Dysfunction Assessment and Treatment in Osteopathic Research
Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) is a patient-centred, whole-body intervention aimed at enhance the person’s self-regulation. OMT interventions are focused on somatic dysfunctions (SD) that can be defined as an altered regulative function associated with inflammatory signs palpable in the body framework in different body regions. 
  • 879
  • 05 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Sodium-Dependent Organic Anion Transporter
The sodium-dependent organic anion transporter (SOAT, gene symbol SLC10A6) specifically transports 3′- and 17′-monosulfated steroid hormones, such as estrone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, into specific target cells. These biologically inactive sulfo-conjugated steroids occur in high concentrations in the blood circulation and serve as precursors for the intracrine formation of active estrogens and androgens that contribute to the overall regulation of steroids in many peripheral tissues.
  • 879
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Neurological Sciences’ Approach to Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Psychotherapy is a comprehensive biological treatment modifying complex underlying cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and regulatory responses in the brain, leading patients with mental illness to a new interpretation of the sense of self and others. Psychotherapy is an art of science integrated with psychology and/or philosophy. Neurological sciences study the neurological basis of cognition, memory, and behavior as well as the impact of neurological damage and disease on these functions, and their treatment. Both psychotherapy and neurological sciences deal with the brain; nevertheless, they continue to stay polarized. Existential phenomenological psychotherapy (EPP) has been in the forefront of meaning-centered counseling for almost a century. The phenomenological approach in psychotherapy originated in the works of Martin Heidegger, Ludwig Binswanger, Medard Boss, and Viktor Frankl, and it has been committed to accounting for the existential possibilities and limitations of one’s life. EPP provides philosophically rich interpretations and empowers counseling techniques to assist mentally suffering individuals by finding meaning and purpose to life. The approach has proven to be effective in treating mood and anxiety disorders. 
  • 878
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Therapeutic Effects of Curcumin on Muscle Health
Sarcopenia is the progressive loss of muscle mass, strength, and functions as we age. The pathogenesis of sarcopenia is underlined by oxidative stress and inflammation. As such, it is reasonable to suggest that a natural compound with both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities could prevent sarcopenia. Curcumin, a natural compound derived from turmeric with both properties, could benefit muscle health.
  • 876
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Paediatric Formulation Development and Overcoming Taste-Masking Challenges
Despite regulatory incentives in the United States and Europe to promote paediatric formulation development, progress is hampered by challenges including the need to address dose flexibility, swallowability, palatability, and the diverse physiological developmental stages encountered in the paediatric population. Peroral minitablets, microparticles, granules, liquid formulations, and scored chewable tablets have been proposed to address dose flexibility and provide ease of swallowability. However, given that one in four active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have an intensely bitter taste and these formulations often result in drug interactions with taste receptors, palatability remains a significant challenge as young children are highly sensitive to bitter taste. This issue is especially prevalent for drugs required to be administered at high doses and frequent intervals, for example, anti-infectives, where the problem is further compounded by the high number (40%) of anti-infective APIs having an objectionable taste.
  • 874
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
General Characteristics and Nephroprotective Properties of Salvia Genus
The study of medicinal plants is important, as they are the natural reserve of potent biologically active compounds. With wide use in traditional medicine and the inclusion of several species (as parts and as a whole plant) in pharmacopeia, species from the genus Salvia L. are known for the broad spectrum of their biological activities. Studies suggest that these plants possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiangiogenic, hepatoprotective, cognitive and memory-enhancing effects. Phenolic acids, terpenoids and flavonoids are important phytochemicals, which are primarily responsible for the medicinal activity of Salvia L.
  • 873
  • 14 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Arterial Hypertension and DNA Sequencing
Despite constant progress in understanding its pathology and associated therapeutic actions by targeting lifestyle changes and novel drug treatment strategies, arterial hypertension currently represents one of the major causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in Europe, with severe potential complications. Significant distinct individual variations of responses to antihypertensive therapy suggest that genetic analysis may provide new important data regarding an accurate definition of prognosis and, most significantly, an adequate choice of treatment, therefore preventing potential complications. Data regarding the multifactorial genetic inheritance of essential arterial hypertension have long been considered; however, given the current rise of genetics and genomics, DNA sequencing could represent a step toward specific genetic variation-based therapy in hypertensive patients with uncontrolled blood pressure, despite standard antihypertensive treatment.
  • 871
  • 06 Jul 2021
Topic Review
SLS 3D printing for SOFs
3D printing is a new emerging technology in the pharmaceutical manufacturing landscape. Its potential advantages for personalized medicine have been widely explored and commented on in the literature over recent years. More recently, the selective laser sintering (SLS) technique has been investigated for oral drug-delivery applications.
  • 871
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
miRNA in Nervous System
microRNAs (miRNAs) are small single-stranded, non-coding RNAs that are 22–23 nucleotides in length. More than 2000 miRNA genes were identified. The last step in the processing of miRNAs is the Dicer-mediated cleavage. This final step is considered the interface link between miRNA and its regulators (e.g., E2 and androgens) on one hand and neurons on the other. Any disruption in the dicer-mediated cleavage of pre-miRNAs will affect mature miRNA production, which could propagate a negative effect on both cortical neurogenesis and the embryonic development of the nervous system. Several studies concluded that the disruption of mature miRNAs would probably affect the function of the nervous system by causing a reduction in neural progenitor cells’ proliferation, a delay in the cell cycle, a disturbance in neural migration, an induction of apoptosis by activation of caspase 3, the stimulation of astrocyte differentiation, and the inhibition of neuronal differentiation.
  • 870
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Endothelial Function Assessment by Flow-Mediated Dilation Method
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in the course of atherosclerosis are one of the most critical public health problems in the world. Endothelial cells synthesize numerous biologically active substances involved in regulating the functions of the cardiovascular system. Endothelial dysfunction is an essential element in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Thus, the assessment of endothelial function in people without overt CVD allows for a more accurate estimate of the risk of developing CVD and cardiovascular events. The assessment of endothelial function is primarily used in scientific research, and to a lesser extent in clinical practice. Among the tools for assessing endothelial function, the researchers can distinguish biochemical and physical methods, while physical methods can be divided into invasive and non-invasive methods. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is based on the ultrasound assessment of changes in the diameter of the brachial artery as a result of increased blood flow. FMD is a non-invasive, safe, and repeatable test, but it must be performed by qualified and experienced medical staff. 
  • 869
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
TRPV1 in the Lower Urinary Tract
Capsaicin acts on sensory nerves via vanilloid receptors. TRPV1 has been extensively studied with respect to functional lower urinary tract (LUT) conditions in rodents and humans. Capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is a phenolic compound found in chili peppers that causes a burning sensation in mucous membranes. Other molecules that are structurally and functionally similar to capsaicin include capsaicinoids (dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin, homodihydrocapsaicin and homocapsaicin), capsinoids (which are less potent) and the extremely potent resiniferoids, the best known of which is resiniferatoxin. Capsaicin and resiniferatoxin have been extensively used to increase the understanding of LUT disorders and to test in humans for the treatment of various LUT disorders.
  • 866
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Roles of p53-Mediated Host–Virus Interaction in Coronavirus Infection
The p53 tumor suppressor molecule is a critical regulator of cell signaling pathways, cellular stress responses, DNA repair, and apoptosis. However, viruses can activate or inhibit p53 during viral infections to enhance viral replication and spread. Given its pivotal role in cell physiology, p53 represents a potential target for anti-coronavirus drugs. 
  • 864
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
High Triglycerides and Cognitive Impairment
The rise of life expectancy contributes to the burden of the aging-dependent decline of physical and mental functions. One of the most common and challenging neuropsychological condition is cognitive impairment (CI), defined as the decrease of intellectual functions ranging from mild forms of forgetfulness to severe and debilitating dementia. The burden of cognitive disorders is huge and still growing, however the etiology and the degree of cognitive impairment vary considerably. Neurodegenerative and vascular mechanisms were most frequently assessed in patients with dementia. The possible involvement of triglycerides levels in cognitive function through putative mechanisms such as brain blood barrier dysfunction or amyloid metabolism imbalance, but not all research in the field found this association.
  • 863
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress, ROS, and Antioxidants with Diabetes Mellitus
The Greek physician, Aretaios, coined the term “diabetes” in the 1st Century A.D. “Mellitus” arose from the observation that the urine exhibits a sweetness due to its elevated glucose levels. Diabetes mellitus (DM) accounted for 6.7 million deaths globally in 2021 with expenditures of USD 966 billion. Mortality is predicted to rise nearly 10-fold by 2030. Oxidative stress, an imbalance between the generation and removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is implicated in the pathophysiology of diabetes. Whereas ROS are generated in euglycemic, natural insulin-regulated glucose metabolism, levels are regulated by factors that regulate cellular respiration, e.g., the availability of NAD-linked substrates, succinate, and oxygen; and antioxidant enzymes that maintain the cellular redox balance. Only about 1–2% of total oxygen consumption results in the formation of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide under normal reduced conditions. 
  • 863
  • 21 Nov 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 35
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback

Quick Survey

Encyclopedia MDPI is conducting a targeted survey to identify the specific barriers hindering efficient research. We invite you to spend 3 minutes defining the priorities for our next generation of structured knowledge tools.
Take Survey