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Topic Review
Polyphenolic-Loaded Nanocarriers for Inflammation-Mediated Diseases
The global increase and prevalence of inflammatory-mediated diseases have been a great menace to human welfare. Several works have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory potentials of natural polyphenolic compounds, including flavonoid derivatives (EGCG, rutin, apigenin, naringenin) and phenolic acids (GA, CA, etc.), among others (resveratrol, curcumin, etc.). In order to improve the stability and bioavailability of these natural polyphenolic compounds, their recent loading applications in both organic (liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, etc.) and inorganic (mesoporous silica, heavy metals, etc.) nanocarrier technologies are being employed. 
  • 867
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
GSH Protects Cells against Stress through Multiple Pathways
Methionine (Met) and cysteine (Cys) are the only sulfur-containing amino acids, and Cys can be synthesized through the transsulfuration reaction associated with Met metabolism. Met is metabolized to S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), which provides either the carbon backbone for polyamines or methyl groups for some other compounds, including DNA . Meanwhile, Cys comes from extracellular sources or is the product of the transsulfuration reaction and then becomes the precursor for sulfur-containing components or mediators. These include glutathione (GSH), taurine, coenzyme A, hydrogen sulfide, iron–sulfur [Fe–S] cluster, and persulfides.
  • 866
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Endothelial Function Assessment by Flow-Mediated Dilation Method
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in the course of atherosclerosis are one of the most critical public health problems in the world. Endothelial cells synthesize numerous biologically active substances involved in regulating the functions of the cardiovascular system. Endothelial dysfunction is an essential element in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Thus, the assessment of endothelial function in people without overt CVD allows for a more accurate estimate of the risk of developing CVD and cardiovascular events. The assessment of endothelial function is primarily used in scientific research, and to a lesser extent in clinical practice. Among the tools for assessing endothelial function, the researchers can distinguish biochemical and physical methods, while physical methods can be divided into invasive and non-invasive methods. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is based on the ultrasound assessment of changes in the diameter of the brachial artery as a result of increased blood flow. FMD is a non-invasive, safe, and repeatable test, but it must be performed by qualified and experienced medical staff. 
  • 862
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Therapeutic Effects of Curcumin on Muscle Health
Sarcopenia is the progressive loss of muscle mass, strength, and functions as we age. The pathogenesis of sarcopenia is underlined by oxidative stress and inflammation. As such, it is reasonable to suggest that a natural compound with both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities could prevent sarcopenia. Curcumin, a natural compound derived from turmeric with both properties, could benefit muscle health.
  • 861
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
TRPV1 in the Lower Urinary Tract
Capsaicin acts on sensory nerves via vanilloid receptors. TRPV1 has been extensively studied with respect to functional lower urinary tract (LUT) conditions in rodents and humans. Capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is a phenolic compound found in chili peppers that causes a burning sensation in mucous membranes. Other molecules that are structurally and functionally similar to capsaicin include capsaicinoids (dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin, homodihydrocapsaicin and homocapsaicin), capsinoids (which are less potent) and the extremely potent resiniferoids, the best known of which is resiniferatoxin. Capsaicin and resiniferatoxin have been extensively used to increase the understanding of LUT disorders and to test in humans for the treatment of various LUT disorders.
  • 859
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Vulnerabilities That Spread Systemically to Cause Complications
COVID-19 and long COVID-19 vulnerabilities may be caused indirectly by albumin binding deficiency (ABD), which can be corrected by the correct administration of human serum albumin(HSA). The liver is the primary site of nutrient regulation and fluid volume maintenance; control of both is by changes to albumin concentration. In healthy subjects, the HSA lymphatic nutrient pump(HSALNP) ensures continual pumping of nutrients from the liver and that nutrients are appropriately distributed to organs. Nutrients are delivered to cells according to the availability of binding to HSA.The HSALNP, therefore, maintains the correct nutrient and colloidal pressure balance in all tissues independently. In unhealthy tissues, following COVID-19 infection, the passage of HSA/nutrients through the interstitial spaces and lymph will be impeded. Fluid therapy into the periphery leads to the dilution of essential nutrients attached to the protein carriers such as albumin. The levels of albumin being charged by the liver with nutrients is critical in maintaining immune stability by maintaining nutrient support and colloidal pressure of the cellular structures. The site of HSA binding by the liver is of great importance, and direct infusion of albumin into the hepatic portal vein is the most appropriate method of maintaining colloid pressure and cellular nutrient levels.
  • 856
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Antiviral Agents Targeting Viral Polymerases
Viral DNA and RNA polymerases are two kinds of very important enzymes that synthesize the genetic materials of the virus itself, and they have become extremely favorable targets for the development of antiviral drugs because of their relatively conserved characteristics. There are many similarities in the structure and function of different viral polymerases, so inhibitors designed for a certain viral polymerase have acted as effective universal inhibitors on other types of viruses.
  • 856
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Gastrointestinal Problems in COVID-19 Patients
The gastrointestinal tract is the body’s largest interface between the host and the external environment. People infected with SARS-CoV-2 are at higher risk of microbiome alterations and severe diseases. Recent evidence has suggested that the pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms associated with gastrointestinal complicity in SARS-CoV-2 infection could be explained by the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) cell receptors.
  • 852
  • 05 Nov 2021
Topic Review
B Cells in Autoinflammatory Disorders
Whereas autoimmune diseases are mediated primarily by T and B cells, auto-inflammatory syndromes (AIFS) involve natural killer cells, macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells, different granulocyte subsets and complement components. In contrast to autoimmune diseases, the immune response of patients with AIFS is not associated with a breakdown of immune tolerance to self-antigens.
  • 852
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Dystrophinopathy Diagnosis and Therapy
Dystrophinopathies are x-linked muscular disorders that emerge from mutations in the Dystrophin gene, including Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy, and dilated cardiomyopathy. However, Duchenne muscular dystrophy interconnects with bone loss and osteoporosis, which are exacerbated by glucocorticoid therapy. Appropriate choice of steroids and regimen is crucial. Creatine kinase (CK) has a 71% potential of detecting female carriers that are increased by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) or dystrophin study in biopsy. Clinical neurologists need to relate to patients and families of patients with neurocognitive problems since mental retardation might be part of Duchenne's picture.
  • 852
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Oligonucleotide-Based Therapies
The global burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing every year and represents a great cost for public healthcare systems, as the majority of these diseases are progressive. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new therapies. Oligonucleotide-based drugs are emerging as novel and promising alternatives to traditional drugs. Their expansion corresponds with new knowledge regarding the molecular basis underlying CKD, and they are already showing encouraging preclinical results, with two candidates being evaluated in clinical trials. However, despite recent technological advances, efficient kidney delivery remains challenging, and the presence of off-targets and sideeffects precludes development and translation to the clinic.
  • 851
  • 31 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Repurposing Anticancer Drugs against COVID-19
The pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents an unprecedented challenge to identify effective drugs for prevention and treatment. Due to the similarity of cancer-induced inflammation, immune dysfunction, and coagulopathy to COVID-19, anticancer drugs, such as Interferon, Pembrolizumab or Bicalutamide, are already being tested in clinical trials for repurposing, alone or in combination.
  • 851
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Viral Infection and Host Responses
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play a critical role in response to stress such as infection. They initiate the removal of cell debris, exert major immunoregulatory activities, control pathogens, and lead to a remodeling/scarring phase. Interestingly, many viruses and particularly those associated to chronic infection and inflammation may hijack and polarize MSC’s immune regulatory activities to their own advantages. Virus will remain in the MSC perivascular niche while being protected from immune attack. In the context of immunodepression (e.g. organ transplantation) the hidden viruses may rebound and causing tissue injuries. 
  • 849
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
SZR-104
By being an antagonist of glutamate and other receptors, kynurenic acid serves as an endogenous neuroprotectant in several pathologies of the brain. Unfortunately, systemic administration of kynurenic acid is hindered by its low permeability through the blood–brain barrier. One possibility to overcome this problem is to use analogues with similar biological activity as kynurenic acid, but with an increased permeability through the blood–brain barrier. We synthesized six novel aminoalkylated amide derivatives of kynurenic acid, among which SZR-104 (N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-3-(morpholinomethyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxamide) proved to have the highest permeability through an in vitro blood–brain barrier model. In addition, permeability of SZR-104 was significantly higher than that of kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid and 39B, a quinolone derivative/xanthurenic acid analogue.
  • 848
  • 07 Apr 2021
Topic Review
RAD52 in Genome Maintenance
The maintenance of genome integrity is critical for cell survival. Homologous recombination (HR) is considered the major error-free repair pathway in combatting endogenously generated double-stranded lesions in DNA. Nevertheless, a number of alternative repair pathways have been described as protectors of genome stability, especially in HR-deficient cells. One of the factors that appears to have a role in many of these pathways is human RAD52, a DNA repair protein that was previously considered to be dispensable due to a lack of an observable phenotype in knock-out mice. In later studies, RAD52 deficiency has been shown to be synthetically lethal with defects in BRCA genes, making RAD52 an attractive therapeutic target, particularly in the context of BRCA-deficient tumors.
  • 848
  • 14 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Magnetic-Based Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Technology
Cell-based assays, conducted on monolayer (2D) cultured cells, are an unquestionably valuable tool for biomedical research. However, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models have gained relevance due to the advantages of better mimicking the microenvironment and tissue microarchitecture in vivo. Magnetic-based 3D (m3D) cell culture systems can be used for this purpose. These systems are based on exposing magnetized cells to magnetic fields by levitation, bioprinting, or ring formation to promote cell aggregation into 3D structures.
  • 847
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Roles of p53-Mediated Host–Virus Interaction in Coronavirus Infection
The p53 tumor suppressor molecule is a critical regulator of cell signaling pathways, cellular stress responses, DNA repair, and apoptosis. However, viruses can activate or inhibit p53 during viral infections to enhance viral replication and spread. Given its pivotal role in cell physiology, p53 represents a potential target for anti-coronavirus drugs. 
  • 847
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Paediatric Formulation Development and Overcoming Taste-Masking Challenges
Despite regulatory incentives in the United States and Europe to promote paediatric formulation development, progress is hampered by challenges including the need to address dose flexibility, swallowability, palatability, and the diverse physiological developmental stages encountered in the paediatric population. Peroral minitablets, microparticles, granules, liquid formulations, and scored chewable tablets have been proposed to address dose flexibility and provide ease of swallowability. However, given that one in four active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have an intensely bitter taste and these formulations often result in drug interactions with taste receptors, palatability remains a significant challenge as young children are highly sensitive to bitter taste. This issue is especially prevalent for drugs required to be administered at high doses and frequent intervals, for example, anti-infectives, where the problem is further compounded by the high number (40%) of anti-infective APIs having an objectionable taste.
  • 847
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Microbiota and Myopericarditis
Myopericarditis is an inflammatory heart condition involving the pericardium and myocardium. It can lead to heart failure, dilated cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia and sudden death. Its pathogenesis is mainly mediated by viral infections but also can be induced by bacterial infections, toxic substances and immune mediated disorders. 
  • 846
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress, ROS, and Antioxidants with Diabetes Mellitus
The Greek physician, Aretaios, coined the term “diabetes” in the 1st Century A.D. “Mellitus” arose from the observation that the urine exhibits a sweetness due to its elevated glucose levels. Diabetes mellitus (DM) accounted for 6.7 million deaths globally in 2021 with expenditures of USD 966 billion. Mortality is predicted to rise nearly 10-fold by 2030. Oxidative stress, an imbalance between the generation and removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is implicated in the pathophysiology of diabetes. Whereas ROS are generated in euglycemic, natural insulin-regulated glucose metabolism, levels are regulated by factors that regulate cellular respiration, e.g., the availability of NAD-linked substrates, succinate, and oxygen; and antioxidant enzymes that maintain the cellular redox balance. Only about 1–2% of total oxygen consumption results in the formation of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide under normal reduced conditions. 
  • 845
  • 21 Nov 2022
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