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Topic Review
Electromagnetic Microrobotic Platforms for Biomedical Applications
Magnetic microrobotics is a promising technology for improving minimally invasive surgery (MIS) with the ambition of enhancing patient care and comfort. The potential benefits include limited incisions, less hemorrhaging and postoperative pain, and faster recovery time. To achieve this, a key issue relies on the design of a proper electromagnetic actuation (EMA) setup which is based on the use of magnetic sources. The magnetic field and its gradient generated by the EMA platform is then used to induce magnetic torque and force for microrobot manipulations inside the human body. Like any control systems, the EMA system must be adapted to the given controlled microrobot and customized for the application. 
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The History of Blood Vessel Anastomosis
Surgical technique and technology frequently coevolve. The brief history of blood vessel anastomosis is full of famous names. While the techniques pioneered by these surgeons have been well described, the technology that facilitated their advancements and their inventors deserve recognition. The mass production of laboratory microscopes in the mid-1800s allowed for an explosion of interest in tissue histology. This improved understanding of vascular physiology and thrombosis laid the groundwork for Carrel and Guthrie to report some of the first successful vascular anastomoses. In 1916, McLean discovered heparin. Twenty-four years later, Gordon Murray found that it could prevent thrombosis when performing end-to-end anastomosis. These discoveries paved the way for the first-in-human kidney transplantations. Otolaryngologists Nylen and Holmgren were the first to bring the laboratory microscope into the operating room, but Jacobson was the first to apply these techniques to microvascular anastomosis. His first successful attempt in 1960 and the subsequent development of microsurgical tools allowed for an explosion of interest in microsurgery, and several decades of innovation followed.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Mirizzi Syndrome
Mirizzi syndrome is a rare condition caused by the compression of the common hepatic duct due to stones located in the cystic duct or the neck of the gallbladder, which causes obstruction of the extrahepatic biliary tract, what is most commonly presented as jaundice and upper abdominal pain. Mirizzi syndrome occurs approximately in 0.05-4% of patients undergiong cholecystectomy. Prolonged inflammation caused by the stones impacted in the cystic duct or the neck of the gallbladder may lead to advanced stages of Mirizzi syndrome and the formation of a cholecystocholedochal fistula or even a cholecystoenteric fistula. Diagnosis is made upon the symptoms, laboratory results and imaging techniques such as ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging or endoscopic retrograde choleangiopancreatography (ERCP), which is considered as the golden standard. However, the preoperative diagnosis is difficult and a large part of all cases is diagnosed intraoperatively. Management of Mirizzi syndrome is mostly surgical, but early stages of the syndrome can be treated with the use of ERCP.  
  • 996
  • 17 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Experimental Animal Skin Flap Models
Skin flaps are necessary in plastic and reconstructive surgery for the removal of skin cancer, wounds, and ulcers. A skin flap is a portion of skin with its own blood supply that is partially separated from its original position and moved from one place to another. The use of skin flaps is often accompanied by cell necrosis or apoptosis due to ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury.
  • 972
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
The Bone Regeneration
Bone regeneration is a complex process that is influenced by tissue interactions, inflammatory responses, and progenitor cells.
  • 970
  • 13 May 2021
Topic Review
Helix
Helices are the most common secondary structural elements in many functional proteins and have attracted much interest when examining the formation kinetics from a coil structure. Measurements describing the timescale to a helix from a coiled structure have been substantially improved with the availability of spectrophotometers with a dramatically improved time resolution. Early studies showed that helix–coil transitions occur in the 100-nanosecond range with a model helix near room temperature.
  • 967
  • 01 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Classifying Oligometastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Oligometastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents a subset of patients with limited metastatic spread and the potential for achieving long-term survival, or even cure, with LCT to all sites of disease. Patient selection for aggressive local treatment of oligometastatic NSCLC would be facilitated by a common definition of what constitutes oligometastasis. The definition of oligometastasis by LCT treatment feasibility is vague and elusive, particularly in the context of ever-improving local treatment modalities.
  • 958
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Cystine and Theanine
Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide composed of glutamic acid, cysteine, and glycine. It is one of the strongest antioxidants in the body and important for adjusting immune function. Cystine and theanine (γ-glutamylethylamide) provide substrates of GSH, cysteine and glutamic acid, promoting the synthesis of GSH.
  • 953
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection
Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is considered superior to endoscopic mucosal resection as an endoscopic resection because of its higher en bloc resection rate, but it is more difficult to perform. As ESD techniques have become more common, and the range of treatment by ESD has expanded, the number of possible complications has also increased, and endoscopists need to manage them.
  • 939
  • 18 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Correlation of Tumor Location and Sleep Disturbance
Sleep disturbance can occur when sleep centers of the brain, regions that are responsible for coordinating and generating healthy amounts of sleep, are disrupted by glioma growth or surgical resection. Several disorders cause disruptions to the average duration, quality, or patterns of sleep, resulting in sleep disturbance.
  • 932
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Cardiothoracic Surgical Critical Care Medicine
Cardiothoracic surgical critical care medicine (CT-CCM) is a medical discipline centered on the perioperative care of diverse groups of patients. With an aging demographic and an increase in burden of chronic diseases the utilization of cardiothoracic surgical critical care units is likely to escalate. Given these projections, it is important to assess the state of cardiothoracic surgical intensive care, to develop goals and objectives for the future, and to identify knowledge gaps in need of scientific inquiry.
  • 930
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Treatment of the Lips Using a CO2 Laser
A number of studies have recently demonstrated the effectiveness of CO2 laser irradiation for the repair and regeneration of scar tissue from injuries or surgical wounds. However, such studies of the oral mucosa are highly limited. Previous studies using CO2 laser irradiation have indicated that two factors contribute to esthetic healing, namely, artificial scabs, which are a coagulated and carbonized blood layer formed on the wound surface, and photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) for suppressing wound scarring and promoting wound healing. 
  • 930
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
The Association of Gut Microbiota in Gastrointestinal-Cancer Therapies
The gut microbiome of patients with gastrointestinal cancer undergoes specific changes during different therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiation. Likewise, complications of these therapies are associated with specific changes in the microbiome. 
  • 897
  • 02 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Augmented Reality in Surgery
Augmented reality (AR) is an innovative system that enhances the real world by superimposing virtual objects on reality. The application of AR in image-guided surgery (IGS) can be an increasingly important opportunity for the treatment of patients. In particular, AR allows one to see 3D images projected directly onto patients thanks to the use of special displays.
  • 870
  • 09 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Effect of Sodium Fluorescein on High-Grade Gliomas
High-grade gliomas (HGG) are the most common primary malignant brain cancer in adults. Complete surgical removal of HGG is known to increase the overall survival and progression-free survival. Fluorescence-guided surgery with 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) increases gross total resection considerably compared to white light surgery (65% vs. 36%). Recently, an off-label fluorophore, sodium fluorescein (SF), has become popular in fluorescence-guided surgery due to numerous utility benefits compared to 5-ALA, including lower cost, non-toxicity, easy administration during surgery and a wide indication for other CNS tumors.
  • 869
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Liver Surgery
Major high-risk surgery (HRS) exposes patients to potential perioperative adverse events. Hepatic resection of colorectal metastases can surely be included into the HRS class of operations. Limiting such risks is the main target of the perioperative medicine.
  • 864
  • 24 May 2021
Topic Review
Vascular Access in Children with Short Bowel Syndrome
Short Bowel Syndrome and intestinal failure are chronic and severe conditions that may require life-long parenteral nutrition in children. Survival of these children relies on the correct functioning of central venous catheters; therefore, careful management, prevention, and treatment of complications is of paramount importance. Despite a growing awareness on preserving the vascular real estate, a certain number of patients still experience a progressive and life-threatening exhaustion of vascular access. 
  • 861
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Chitosan-Based Materials and Devices
Chitosan is one of the most studied polysaccharides in recent decades for its biomedical application. This polymer is derived from chitin, the main component in the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans, a homopolymer consisting of β-(1→4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The degree of deacetylation of chitosan depends on the conditions applied during the deacetylation process—such as temperature or sodium hydroxide concentration—and determines various properties of the polymer, such as pKa, solubility, and viscosity. Chitosan has been used in a broad assortment of medical materials and devices. Each system benefits from the properties that chitosan can provide for surgical applications. The shape, porosity, consistency, and size of the fabricated systems can be precisely tuned for the intended application.
  • 833
  • 11 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene Membranes
Coated stents are defined as innovative stents surrounded by a thin polymer membrane based on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)useful in the treatment of numerous vascular pathologies. Endovascular methodology involves the use of such devices to restore blood flow in small-, medium- and large-calibre arteries, both centrally and peripherally. These membranes cross the stent struts and act as a physical barrier to block the growth of intimal tissue in the lumen, preventing so-called intimal hyperplasia and late stent thrombosis. PTFE for vascular applications is known as expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) and it can be rolled up to form a thin multilayer membrane expandable by 4 to 5 times its original diameter. This membrane plays an important role in initiating the restenotic process because wrapped graft stent could be used as the treatment option for trauma devices during emergency situations and to treat a number of pathological vascular disease.
  • 833
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Infectious complications after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer
Despite advances in the perioperative management of esophagectomy, it is still a highly invasive procedure for esophageal cancer and is associated with severe postoperative complications. The two major postoperative infectious complications after esophagectomy are pulmonary complications and anastomotic leakage. 
  • 812
  • 21 Oct 2021
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