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Topic Review
Multiple-Output DC–DC Converters
Multiple-output DC–DC converters are essential in a multitude of applications where different DC output voltages are required. The interest and importance of this type of multiport configuration is also reflected in that many electronics manufacturers currently develop integrated solutions. Traditionally, the different output voltages required are obtained by means of a transformer with several windings, which are in addition to providing electrical isolation. However, the current trend in the development of multiple-output DC–DC converters follows general aspects, such as low losses, high-power density, and high efficiency, as well as the development of new architectures and control strategies.
  • 4.2K
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Copper Catalyst
The applications of Copper-based nanoparticles have received great attention due to the earth-abundant, low toxicity and inexpensive. Due to these characteristics, copper nanoparticles have generated a great deal of interest especially in the field of catalysis. Traditional Ullmann-type couplings suffer from limited substrate scopes and harsh reaction conditions. The introduction of a new copper-based catalyst over the past two decades has totally changed this situation as it enables the reaction promoted in mild condition. The reaction scope has also been greatly expanded, rendering this copper-based cross-coupling attractive for both academia and industry. Transition metal-catalyzed chemical transformation of organic electrophiles and organometallic reagents belong to the most important cross-coupling reaction in organic synthesis. The biaryl ether division is not only popular in natural products and synthetic pharmaceuticals but also widely found in many pesticides, polymers, and ligands. Copper catalyst has received great attention owing to the low toxicity and low cost. The introduction of homogeneous copper catalysts with the presence of bidentate ligands and also heterogeneous copper catalyst over the past two decades has totally changed this situation as these ligands enable the reaction promoted in mild condition. The reaction scope has also been greatly expanded, rendering this copper-based cross-coupling attractive for both academia and industry. This review had been summarized recently advance homogeneous and heterogeneous copper catalyst in Ullmann reaction and its application and natural product and pharmaceutical industry.
  • 4.2K
  • 09 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Frying
Frying is one of the oldest unit operations to produce food products with a crisp texture, an aromatic flavour and a golden-brown colour. Deep-fried foods such as French fries, potato/veggie crisps are popular among consumers. Detailed insights into the frying process in terms of heat, mass (water and oil) and momentum transfers are outlined in this entry.
  • 4.2K
  • 28 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Silicon-Based Optical Phased Array Lidar
Silicon-based Lidar is an ideal way to reduce the volume of the Lidar and realize monolithic integration. It removes the moving parts in the conventional device and realizes solid-state beam steering. The advantages of low cost, small size, and high beam steering speed have attracted the attention of many researchers. 
  • 4.2K
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Digital Twins in Automotive Industry
A digital twin is a nonphysical model that has been designed in order to accurately reflect an artificial or physical system, where sensors are placed to acquire a variety of data regarding different aspects concerning the performance of the system.
  • 4.2K
  • 13 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Food Waste Used for the Cultivation of Mushroom
Pleurotus ostreatus (P. ostreatus) is considered a high-quality food, rich in proteins and bioactive compounds important for maintaining human health. Lately, a commonly used substrate for oyster mushroom cultivation—wheat straw, is more often replaced by alternative cellulose substrates originated from the agricultural and food industry. Utilization of wastes for mushroom cultivation has its added value: sustainable food waste management, production of high-quality food from low quality waste, as well as solving environmental, economic and global issues.
  • 4.2K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence Applications and Self-Learning 6G Networks
Artificial Intelligence (AI), federated and distributed learning, big data analytics, blockchain, and edge-cloud computing has urged the design of the upcoming 6G network generation, due to their stringent requirements in terms of the quality of services (QoS), availability, and dependability to satisfy a Service-Level-Agreement (SLA) for the end users. Industries and academia have started to design 6G networks and propose the use of AI in its protocols and operations. 
  • 4.2K
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Biofuels for Internal Combustion Engine
Biofuel, a cost-effective, safe, and environmentally benign fuel produced from renewable sources, has been accepted as a sustainable replacement and a panacea for the damaging effects of the exploration for and consumption of fossil-based fuels.
  • 4.2K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Medicinal Value of Dandelion
The genus Taraxacum is part of the Asteraceae family of the Cichorioideae subfamily, Lactuceae tribe. This plant's geographical distribution is usually around the warm areas of the Northern Hemisphere and its users have been cherishing it for its curative properties since ancient times. Reports show that traditional medicine practitioners used Taraxacum officinale L. for treating dyspepsia, spleen, liver disorders, hepatitis, and anorexia. Aqueous extracts of dandelion were also used traditionally through Asia, Europe, and North America for treating different types of cancer like leukemia and breast cancer, even if their working mechanisms were unknown. The main reported components of dandelions consist of phenolic acids (chicoric, caffeic, and chlorogenic acids), terpenes (taraxacoside, ainslioside, taraxinic acid), and storage carbohydrates (inulin), which are thought to be accountable for the plant’s health-related properties. This entry is based on a literature review and highlights the beneficial and therapeutic action of dandelion extracts and their confirmed or hypothesized mechanism of action in diabetes, hepatic disorders, and cardiovascular disease, as indicated by the results of in vivo an in vitro studies, on cell lines, human and animal models.
  • 4.2K
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Machine Learning Applications in Failure Predictions
Machine Learning (ML) is a subclass of artificial intelligence (AI) that can be defined as a semi-automated system in which computers create an algorithm by learning from observed data. Machine learning algorithms create a model based on training data and use it to make predictions or judgments without having to be explicitly programmed to do so. In recent years, decision makers and the scientific community have paid close attention to the use of machine learning in risk and reliability assessment. Currently, quite a good amount of work is being carried out in mine equipment failure and reliability assessments and predictive maintenance analysis. A machine learning approach can be used for predicting failures and also to identify important parameters that predict failures.
  • 4.2K
  • 09 Sep 2022
Biography
Ziauddin Sardar
Ziauddin Sardar (Urdu: ضیاء الدین سردار‎; born 31 October 1951) is a British-Pakistani scholar, award-winning writer, cultural critic and public intellectual who specialises in Muslim thought, the future of Islam, futurology and science and cultural relations. The author of more than 50 books,[1] Prospect magazine has named him as one of Britain's top 100 public intellectuals and
  • 4.2K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Torino Scale
The Torino scale is a method for categorizing the impact hazard associated with near-Earth objects (NEOs) such as asteroids and comets. It is intended as a communication tool for astronomers and the public to assess the seriousness of collision predictions, by combining probability statistics and known kinetic damage potentials into a single threat value. The Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale is a similar, but more complex scale. Near-Earth objects with a Torino scale of 1 pop up every couple of months or so and may last a few weeks until they have a longer observation arc.
  • 4.2K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Void Nucleation in Metals
The research discussed about the development of micro-voids in metals, leading to ductile fracture, associated with plastic deformation, without taking into account the cleavage mechanism. Particular emphasis was placed on the results of observations and experimental studies, the characteristics of the phenomenon itself, without in-depth analysis in the field of widely used FEM modelling. The mechanism of void development as a fracture mechanism is presented. Observations of the nucleation of voids in metals from the turn of the 1950s and 1960s to the present day have been described. The nucleation mechanisms related to the defects of the crystal lattice as well as those resulting from the presence of second phase particles were characterised.
  • 4.2K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Renewable Energy Technologies in Households
Energy sources used in households could be divided into the following two main groups: fossil fuels, which include natural gas, oil and coal, and renewable energy technologies, which include both conventional biomass and modern sources such as solar, wind and geothermal energy. Solar photovoltaic (PV) and solar thermal, micro wind, heat pumps and small-scale biomass heating technologies can be distinguished as the main renewable energy technologies in households.
  • 4.2K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Groundwater–Surface Water Interaction
Groundwater and surface water, though thought to be different entities in the past, are connected throughout the different landforms of the world. The interaction between groundwater and surface water (GW–SW) is responsible for a phenomenon like contaminant transport, and understanding it helps to estimate the effects of climate change, land use on chemical behavior, and the nature of water. 
  • 4.2K
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Self-Amplifying mRNA Vaccine
The core principle behind mRNA vaccines is to encode the antigen in the mRNA and then to deliver the transcript to the host cell cytoplasm using a non-viral delivery system, allowing antigen expression and induction of an antigen-specific immune response. Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) is a type of mRNA that also encodes viral replicase, which enables the RNA to self-replicate upon delivery into the cell.
  • 4.2K
  • 13 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Pascal's Wager
Pascal's Wager is an argument in philosophy presented by the seventeenth-century French philosopher, mathematician and physicist Blaise Pascal (1623–62). It posits that humans bet with their lives that God either exists or does not. Pascal argues that a rational person should live as though God exists and seek to believe in God. If God does not actually exist, such a person will have only a finite loss (some pleasures, luxury, etc.), whereas he stands to receive infinite gains (as represented by eternity in Heaven) and avoid infinite losses (eternity in Hell). Pascal's Wager was based on the idea of the Christian God, though similar arguments have occurred in other religious traditions. The original wager was set out in section 233 of Pascal's posthumously published Pensées ("Thoughts"). These previously unpublished notes were assembled to form an incomplete treatise on Christian apologetics. Historically, Pascal's Wager was groundbreaking because it charted new territory in probability theory, marked the first formal use of decision theory, and anticipated future philosophies such as existentialism, pragmatism and voluntarism.
  • 4.2K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
MIT License
The MIT License is a permissive free software license originating at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the late 1980s. As a permissive license, it puts only very limited restriction on reuse and has, therefore, high license compatibility. The MIT License is compatible with many copyleft licenses, such as the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL). Any software licensed under the terms of the MIT License can be integrated with software licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL. Unlike copyleft software licenses, the MIT License also permits reuse within proprietary software, provided that all copies of the software or its substantial portions include a copy of the terms of the MIT License and also a copyright notice. (As of 2020), the MIT License was the most popular software license found in one analysis, continuing from reports in 2015 that the MIT License was the most popular software license on GitHub. Notable projects that use the MIT License include the X Window System, Ruby on Rails, Nim, Node.js, Lua, and jQuery. Notable companies using the MIT License include Microsoft (.NET Core), Google (Angular), and Meta (React).
  • 4.2K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Microgrid Control
Microgrids (MGs) are advancing in terms of intelligence, distribution, and flexibility. Electrical grids are being dominated by cutting-edge power electronics and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, and this trend may continue for many years to come.
  • 4.2K
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Coffee Leaf Miner Leucoptera coffeella
The coffee leaf miner (CLM) Leucoptera coffeella moth is a major threat to coffee production. Insect damage is related to the feeding behavior of the larvae on the leaf. During the immature life stages, the insect feeds in the mesophyll triggering necrosis and causing loss of photosynthetic capacity, defoliation and significant yield loss to coffee crops. Chemical control is used to support the coffee production chain, though market requirements move toward conscious consumption claiming for more sustainable methods.
  • 4.2K
  • 22 Dec 2021
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