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HandWiki. Flat Twin Engine. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31616 (accessed on 20 September 2026).
HandWiki. Flat Twin Engine. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31616. Accessed September 20, 2026.
HandWiki. "Flat Twin Engine" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31616 (accessed September 20, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, October 27). Flat Twin Engine. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31616
HandWiki. "Flat Twin Engine." Encyclopedia. Web. 27 October, 2022.
Flat Twin Engine
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Engineering:Flat_twin_engine

A flat-twin is a two-cylinder internal combustion engine with the cylinders on opposite sides of the crankshaft. It is a flat engine with two cylinders. Used in motorcycles for more than a century, flat-twins have also been used in automobiles, light aircraft, stationary powerplants, and household appliances. Early flat-twin motorcycles' engines were mounted with the cylinders in line with the frame. This caused uneven cooling of the cylinders and required the motorcycle to have a long wheelbase. Later flat-twin motorcycles' engines were mounted with their cylinders across the frame for better air cooling and a shorter wheelbase. Disadvantages of this layout include torque reaction in the motorcycle in turns and the potential to damage cylinder heads.

flat-twin flat-twins internal combustion

References

  1. Wilson 1995, "Engine blueprint" sidebar on page 27
  2. Rogliatti 1973, p. 140.
  3. Smith 2010.
  4. Drawing of replica engine, from Sherwood 1999 http://www.billzilla.org/ffeng.gif
  5. Cameron 1992, p. 14.
  6. "2CV Stuff: A Series Ignition System - Specifications" (pdf). Grantham, Lincolnshire, UK: Oui2. Archived from the original on 2012-03-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20120316122922/http://www.2cvstuff.com/Files/ignition.pdf. Retrieved 2013-05-18. 
  7. "The engine of the future". The Motor Cycle (Iliffe & Sons Ltd.): 283. October 5, 1916. 
  8. Wilson 1995, p. 219.
  9. Wilson 1995, p. 218.
  10. Partridge 1976, p. 42.
  11. "BMW Motorrad USA - Bikes". bmwmotorcycles.com/. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20080822022309/http://www.bmwmotorcycles.com/bikes/index.jsp?bikeSection=. Retrieved 2008-12-22. 
  12. Wilson 1995, pp. 26–32.
  13. Wilson 1995, p. 51.
  14. Norbye 1984, p. 15.
  15. Willoughby 1977, p. 23.
  16. "A Sturmey-Archer Countershaft Gear". The Motor Cycle (Iliffe & Sons Ltd.): 274. 27 August 1914. 
  17. Drawing of 1911 Douglas http://www.motorcycles20thcentury.com/motors/drawing/Douglas-1911.jpg
  18. Drawing of 1932 Douglas K32 http://www.motorcycles20thcentury.com/motors/normal/Douglas-K32-1932.jpg
  19. Drawing of 1926 Douglas http://www.motorcycles20thcentury.com/motors/normal/Douglas-1926.jpg
  20. "Flat Twins". The Motor Cycle (Iliffe & Sons Ltd.): 400–403. November 9, 1916. 
  21. Helios: Norbye 1984, p. 15 Wilson 1995, p. 26 Indian: Wood 2001b, p. 71 Harley-Davidson: Mitchel 1997, pp. 44–45 Wood 2001a, p. 127
  22. Wilson 1995, p. 10.
  23. Wilson 1995, p. 26.
  24. Wilson 1995, pp. 26–27.
  25. Wood 1999, p. 127.
  26. Wilson 1995, p. 27.
  27. Friedman et al. 2000.
  28. Battisson 1997.
  29. Cocco 2004, p. 118.
  30. English 2010.
  31. Kimes 1996, p. 572.
  32. Brooke 2008, pp. 38–44.
  33. Specification tables, Culshaw & Horrobin 2013, pp. 188–189 https://books.google.com/books?id=hVZWnZbUJOYC&pg=PA189
  34. Culshaw & Horrobin 2013, p. 373.
  35. Sherwood 1999.
  36. SciMedia 2012.
  37. Chaplin & Nixon 1939, p. 358.
  38. Schulte, Rudolph C. (1946). "Design Analysis of BMW 003 Turbojet - "Starting the Engine"". United States Army Air Force - Turbojet and Gus Turbine Developments, HQ, AAF. http://legendsintheirowntime.com/LiTOT/Content/1946/Av_4603_DA_BMW003.html. "Starting procedure is as follows: Starting engine is primed by closing electric primer switch, then ignition of turbojet and ignition and electric starting motor of Riedel engine are turned on (this engine can also be started manually by pulling a cable). After the Riedel unit has reached a speed of about 300 rpm, it automatically engages the compressor shaft of the turbojet. At about 800 rpm of the starting engine, starting fuel pump is turned on, and at 1,200 rpm the main (J-2) fuel is turned on. The starter engine is kept engaged until the turbojet attains 2,000 rpm, at which the starter engine and starting fuel are turned off, the turbojet rapidly accelerating to rated speed of 9,500 rpm on the J-2 fuel" 
  39. Gunston 1997, p. 141.
  40. Shelton 1999.
  41. Citations for Maytag 72 engine: Kinney 2007 "Maytag Service Instructions" (pdf) pp. 11–16 http://www.oldengine.org/docs/Maytag_SM.pdf.  Hunn 2005, p. 42
  42. "Maytag Multi-Motor Engines". Maytag Collector's club. http://www.maytagclub.com/page-37.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-08. 
  43. Brown 2007.
  44. Baldwin 1987, p. 111.
  45. Holcolmb 1964, pp. 34–35.
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