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Topic Review
Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines
To induce broadly protective immune responses by vaccination, various strategies using live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) and novel vaccine platforms are under investigation. Despite superior cross-protection ability, very little attention has been paid to LAIVs for the development of UIV.
  • 969
  • 18 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Mechanism how Fluoxetine and Fluvoxamine act in COVID-19
Mapping non-canonical cellular pathways affected by approved medications can accelerate drug repurposing efforts, which are crucial in situations with a global impact such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Fluoxetine and fluvoxamine are well-established and widely-used antidepressive agents that act as serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI-s). Interestingly, these drugs have been reported earlier to act as lysosomotropic agents, inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase in the lysosomes, and as ligands of sigma-1 receptors, mechanisms that might be used to fight severe outcomes of COVID-19. 
  • 969
  • 11 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Molecules Used to Prevent Nasal Polyp Recurrences
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is the most bothersome phenotype of chronic rhinosinusitis, which is typically characterized by a Type 2 inflammatory reaction, comorbidities and high rates of nasal polyp recurrence, causing severe impact on quality of life. Nasal polyp recurrence rates, defined as the number of patients undergoing revision endoscopic sinus surgery, are 20% within a 5 year period after surgery. The cornerstone of CRSwNP management consists of anti-inflammatory treatment with local corticosteroids. The therapeutic strategies used to prevent nasal polyp recurrence (NPR) after surgical treatment are discussed. 
  • 969
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Multifaceted Roles of Gold Nanoparticles
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been recently applied for various diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. The unique properties of these nanoparticles (NPs), such as relative ease of synthesis in various sizes, shapes and charges, stability, high drug-loading capacity and relative availability for modification accompanied by non-cytotoxicity and biocompatibility, make them an ideal field of research in bio-nanotechnology. Moreover, their potential to alleviate various inflammatory factors, nitrite species, and reactive oxygen production and the capacity to deliver therapeutic agents has attracted attention for further studies in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Furthermore, the characteristics of GNPs and surface modification can modulate their toxicity, biodistribution, biocompatibility, and effects. 
  • 967
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy
The treatment landscape for hematologic malignancies has changed since the recent approval of highly effective CAR-T. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T) is a type of immunotherapy in which a patient’s T cells are collected and genetically engineered to improve their ability to recognize and kill cancer cells. However, several issues are still unsolved and represent the challenges for the coming years. The lack of initial responses and early relapse are some hurdles to be tackled. Moreover, new strategies are needed to increase the safety profile or shorten the manufacturing process during CAR-T cells therapy production. Finally, the clinical experience with CAR-T cells for solid tumors has been less encouraging, and development in this setting is desirable.
  • 965
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Heterocyclic Compounds as Hsp90 Inhibitors
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) have garnered special attention in cancer therapy as molecular chaperones with regulatory/mediatory effects on folding, maintenance/stability, maturation, and conformation of proteins as well as their effects on prevention of protein aggregation. Hsp90 ensures the stability of various client proteins needed for the growth of cells or the survival of tumor cells; therefore, they are overexpressed in tumor cells and play key roles in carcinogenesis. Accordingly, Hsp90 inhibitors are recognized as attractive therapeutic agents for investigations pertaining to tumor suppression. Natural Hsp90 inhibitors comprising geldanamycin (GM), reclaimed analogs of GM including 17-AAG and DMAG, and radicicol, a natural macrocyclic antifungal, are among the first potent Hsp90 inhibitors.
  • 964
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Gestational diabetes mellitus and EDCs
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) remains a significant clinical and public health issue due to its increasing prevalence and the possibility for numerous short- and long-term complications. The growing incidence of GDM seems to coincide with the widespread use of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The extensive production and common use of these substances in everyday life has resulted in constant exposure to harmful substances from the environment. That may result in epigenetic changes, which may manifest themselves also after many years and be passed on to future generations. It is important to consider the possible link between environmental exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during pregnancy, epigenetic mechanisms and an increased risk for developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
  • 962
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Regenerative Medicine
In recent decades, the biomedical applications of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted increasing attention. MSCs are easily extracted from the bone marrow, fat, and synovium, and differentiate into various cell lineages according to the requirements of specific biomedical applications. As MSCs do not express significant histocompatibility complexes and immune stimulating molecules, they are not detected by immune surveillance and do not lead to graft rejection after transplantation. These properties make them competent biomedical candidates, especially in tissue engineering.
  • 962
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Pro-Lysyl Oxidase Processing in Cancers and Eye Pathologies
Lysyl oxidases are multifunctional proteins derived from five lysyl oxidase paralogues (LOX) and lysyl oxidase-like 1 through lysyl oxidase-like 4 (LOXL1–LOXL4). All participate in the biosynthesis of and maturation of connective tissues by catalyzing the oxidative deamination of lysine residues in collagens and elastin, which ultimately results in the development of cross-links required to function. In addition, the five LOX genes have been linked to fibrosis and cancer when overexpressed, while tumor suppression by the propeptide derived from pro-LOX has been documented. Similarly, in diabetic retinopathy, LOX overexpression, activity, and elevated LOX propeptide have been documented.
  • 961
  • 10 May 2022
Topic Review
Recombinant Irisin
Irisin promotes bone formation in the bony callus and accelerates the fracture repair process, suggesting a possible use as a novel pharmacologic modulator of fracture healing.
  • 959
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis with the Enteric Nervous System
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons in the spinal cord, cerebral cortex, and medulla oblongata. Most patients present a clinical phenotype of classic ALS—with predominant atrophy, muscle weakness, and fasciculations—and survival of 3 to 5 years following diagnosis. There are two types of ALS: the familial form with genetic involvement, and the sporadic form with a multifactorial origin. ALS pathophysiology is characterized by involvement of multiple processes, including oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation. Moreover, it is proposed that conditioning risk factors affect ALS development—such as susceptibility to neurodegeneration in motor neurons, the intensity of performed physical activity, and intestinal dysbiosis with involvement of the enteric nervous system—which supports the existing theories of disease generation.
  • 959
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 Variants
This literature review aims to analyze all the vaccine candidates that went to phase II and above with the rationale behind the completion of some vaccines to phase III and why others failed to continue to phase III. Moreover, this paper will provide comprehensive information about COVID-19 infection, its symptoms, the structure of the virus, the variants that we have become aware off and how they differ. Furthermore, it will inform the literature about vaccines that developed for COVID-19 infection, vaccine vehicles and trials on vaccines. This paper shall open doors for further research and better understanding for reasons that hinder vaccines from reaching the market, which is important to be taken into consideration when developing new vaccines for viruses in the future.
  • 957
  • 01 Jan 2023
Topic Review
MicroRNA Therapeutics
microRNAs (miRs) are emerging as attractive therapeutic targets because of their small size, specific targetability, and critical role in disease pathogenesis. However, <20 miR targeting molecules have entered clinical trials, and none progressed to phase III. The advances in understanding miR’s roles in disease pathogenesis, the development of nuclease-resistant γ-modified PNA-based anti-miRs and plant-derived miRs are novel approaches that help resolve or weaken some of the challenges and support the development of miR therapeutics.
  • 954
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Viral Infection and Host Responses
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play a critical role in response to stress such as infection. They initiate the removal of cell debris, exert major immunoregulatory activities, control pathogens, and lead to a remodeling/scarring phase. Interestingly, many viruses and particularly those associated to chronic infection and inflammation may hijack and polarize MSC’s immune regulatory activities to their own advantages. Virus will remain in the MSC perivascular niche while being protected from immune attack. In the context of immunodepression (e.g. organ transplantation) the hidden viruses may rebound and causing tissue injuries. 
  • 951
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Reproductive Medicine
Infertility is a global health issue affecting women and men of reproductive age with increasing incidence worldwide, in part due to greater awareness and better diagnosis. Assisted reproduction technologies (ART) are considered the ultimate step in the treatment of infertility. Artificial intelligence (AI) has been progressively used in the many fields of medicine, integrating knowledge and computer science through machine learning algorithms. AI has the potential to improve infertility diagnosis and ART outcomes estimated as pregnancy and/or live birth rate, especially with recurrent ART failure.
  • 949
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Extra-Gonadal and Non-Canonical Effects in Males
Recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is commonly used for the treatment of female and male infertility FSH is composed of an α subunit, shared with other hormones, and a β subunit, which confers specificity of biological action by interacting with its surface receptor (FSHR), predominantly located in granulosa and Sertoli cells. Beyond the well-known effects of FSH on reproductive functions the attention has recently focused on the extra-gonadal effects of FSH, specifically on bone and adipose tissue metabolsm, the cardiovascular and immune systems and the prostate gland. FSH could therefore be involved in several pathological and physiological processes, which are still not completely understood.
  • 949
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Aducanumab for Positive and Negative Sides of Therapy
Aducanumab (BIIB037, ADU), being a monoclonal antibody IgG1, is the newest AD treatment. The activity of the drug is targeted towards amyloid β, which is considered one of the main causes of Alzheimer’s disease. Clinical trials have revealed time- and dose-dependent activity towards Aβ reduction, as well as cognition improvement. 
  • 948
  • 14 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Caldecrin Purification and Biological Function
Blood calcium homeostasis is critical for biological function. Caldecrin, or chymotrypsin-like elastase, was originally identified in the pancreas as a serum calcium-decreasing factor. The serum calcium-decreasing activity of caldecrin requires the trypsin-mediated activation of the protein. Protease activity-deficient mature caldecrin can also reduce serum calcium concentration, indicating that structural processing is necessary for serum calcium-decreasing activity. Caldecrin suppresses the differentiation of bone-resorbing osteoclasts from bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) by inhibiting receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced nuclear factor of activated T-cell cytoplasmic 1 expression via the Syk–PLCγ–Ca2+ oscillation-calcineurin signaling pathway. It also suppresses mature osteoclastic bone resorption by RANKL-stimulated TRAF6–c-Src–Syk–calcium entry and actin ring formation. Caldecrin inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced osteoclast formation in RANKL-primed BMMs by inducing the NF-κB negative regulator A20. 
  • 947
  • 30 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 to CTLA-4
PD-1 is an important factor in the normal immune response to prevent autoimmunity.
  • 947
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Nrf2 Pathway in Ischemic Cerebral Vascular Diseases
Cerebrovascular disease is highly prevalent and has a complex etiology and variable pathophysiological activities. It thus poses a serious threat to human life and health. Many studies have found some effects of oxidative stress and autophagy on cerebrovascular diseases. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) molecules, which are closely associated with oxidative stress, are discussed.
  • 947
  • 27 Sep 2022
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