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Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment and Oncolytic Virotherapy
The Tumor Microenvironment (TME) represents an important barrier that can hinder immune responses against tumors and also attenuate immunotherapeutic efficacy.
  • 1.4K
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Teleorthodontics
Teleorthodontics generally refers to any orthodontic care delivered through information technology. A common and relevant example could be that of colleagues being able to discuss the digital records of clinical cases over the Internet and to exchange advice and share experience. However, the primary aim set of dental teleassistance in orthodontics is to reduce patients’ office visits whilst maintaining regular monitoring, without compromising the results. Teleorthodontics can manage most orthodontic emergencies, reassuring and following patients remotely. It can also become a cutting-edge screening system able to reduce patients’ waiting time for specialist advice.Although teleorthodontics is just at its beginnings, it appears to be worthy of further investigations to objectively evaluate the efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and long-term results. It is capable of improving service and working conditions and may even reduce costs. Teleorthodontics will have a role to play in the near future.
  • 1.4K
  • 31 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Potential Seaweed-Derived Bioactive Compounds for Pharmaceutical Applications
Seaweeds have been consumed as whole food since ancient times and used to treat several diseases. Nowadays, seaweeds are widely involved in biotechnological applications. Due to the variety of bioactive compounds in their composition, species of phylum Ochrophyta, class Phaeophyceae, phylum Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta are valuable for the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. Research has demonstrated that those unique compounds express beneficial properties for human health. Each compound has peculiar properties (e.g., antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral activities, etc.) that can be exploited to enhance human health. Seaweed’s extracted polysaccharides are already involved in the pharmaceutical industry, with the aim of replacing synthetic compounds with components of natural origin. 
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
CD40 as Therapeutic Target
Targeting of CD40 with the aim to stimulate or inhibit this receptor attracts considerable translational interest. Inhibitory CD40 targeting appears particularly attractive in the field of organ transplantation and in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. CD40 blockade might also elicit antitumoral activity on CD40-expressing tumors. Agonistic CD40 targeting typically aims at the exploitation of the strong immunostimulatory activities of CD40 for tumor immunotherapy and vaccination against various infectious pathogens.
  • 1.4K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Infection
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic represents the focus of the biomedical research worldwide. The identification of the molecular events related to the SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as the characterization of its clinical features, could put an end to this dramatic health emergency. In this scenario, the interpretation of histopathological data in light of the clinical imaging characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection can provide the scientific rationale to develop diagnostic and therapeutic protocols that are capable of improving the management of infected patients. Specifically, morphological and molecular analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infected tissues could highlight new useful prognostic and predictive biomarkers for in vivo investigations.
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Multiplex Tissue Imaging
Multiplex spatial analysis methods have recently been developed; these have offered insight into how cellular crosstalk dynamics and heterogeneity affect cancer prognoses and responses to treatment. Multiplex (imaging) technologies and computational analysis methods allow for the spatial visualization and quantification of cell–cell interactions and properties. These technological advances allow for the discovery of cellular interactions within the tumor microenvironment and provide detailed single-cell information on properties that define cellular behavior.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Optical Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria
The optical detection of pathogenic bacteria is a growing area of ongoing research for clinically-focused applications. Different modalities, like vibrational spectroscopy, fluorescence, scattering- and polarization-based systems, have the potential to provide information about the biomolecular and morphological characteristics of a species for sample identification and differentiation. Additionally, growth pattern recognition, single-cell versus biofilm formations, cell motility and viability, cell mutation, and antibiotic resistance status can be studied with various optical modalities, providing great potential for rapid characterization of disease-causing pathogens.
  • 1.4K
  • 03 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Action of Cardiac Glycosides
Cardiac glycosides are natural sterols and constitute a group of secondary metabolites isolated from plants and animals.
  • 1.4K
  • 31 Aug 2021
Topic Review
The Rhizobial Type 3 Secretion System
Rhizobia are soil bacteria that can establish a symbiotic association with legumes. As a result, plant nodules are formed on the roots of the host plants where rhizobia differentiate to bacteroids capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia. This ammonia is transferred to the plant in exchange of a carbon source and an appropriate environment for bacterial survival. This process is subjected to a tight regulation with several checkpoints to allow the progression of the infection or its restriction. The type 3 secretion system (T3SS) is a secretory system that injects proteins, called effectors (T3E), directly into the cytoplasm of the host cell, altering host pathways or suppressing host defense responses. The final effect of the different effectors can be neutral, beneficial or detrimental for symbiosis, depending on the host plants and the cocktail of effectors secreted. Whereas, in some cases, several T3SS effectors can induce the formation of nodules in the absence of Nod factors, in other cases the recognition of specific effectors by specific plant receptors can block nodulation. 
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Human primary B Lymphocytes Transfection
B lymphocytes (B cells) are a key component of the human immune system. They can be isolated from peripheral blood or tonsils and be expanded in culture after activation by mitogenic agents. Here, it is demonstrated that a well-defined 24-armed poly(2-dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (PDMAEMA, 755 kDa) nano-star is able to reproducibly elicit high transgene expression (40%) at sufficient residual viability (69%) in primary human B cells derived from tonsillar tissue.
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Bio-Dealcoholization of Wines
The link between viticulture and climate change has become more evident in recent years. The temperature rise has been a crucial factor in the early ripening of grapes, which has resulted in wines with imbalanced acidity, higher alcohol content, and higher pH values. Consumers are seeking high-quality and healthy products, and this trend has extended to wine consumption.
  • 1.4K
  • 09 May 2024
Topic Review
Enterocin as a Biopreservative for Raw Meat Products
Food preservation is a method used to handle and treat food products to slow down food spoilage and subsequently reduce the risk of foodborne illness. Nowadays, the demand for natural preservatives over chemical preservatives in food is increasing due to the awareness of consuming healthy food products without the risk of harmful side effects. Thus, the research and development of preservation techniques, referred to as biopreservation, is growing rapidly. In biopreservation methods, microorganisms that are known as lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and their antimicrobial substances are used to extend shelf life and maintain the nutritional value of foods. Among the most studied LAB are from the genus Enterococcus, which produces a bacteriocin called enterocin. Bacteriocins are ribosomal-synthesized antimicrobial peptides that are capable of inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria that cause spoilage in food. LAB is generally regarded as safe (GRAS) for human consumption. 
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Marine Glycoconjugates
From 2012 to 2016 a special issue was edited in the journal Marine Drugs dedicated to marine glycoconjugates with the idea that from the end of the decade 1980-1990 increasing advances of analytical techniques boosted the field of glycobiology contributing to its growth with better recognition of structures and roles of complex molecules such as saccharides, glycoproteins, glycan, glycolipids, and proteoglycans (all defined as glycoconjugates). Tremendous impact in biomedical and biotechnological applications of glycoconjugates, like in terrestrial counterparts and the addition of more significance to the current –omic revolution toward a possible marine glycocode, generally based the hope of these studies. 
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Therapeutic Applications of Nano-Phytopharmaceuticals
Phytopharmaceuticals have been widely used globally since ancient times and acknowledged by healthcare professionals and patients for their superior therapeutic value and fewer side effects compared to modern medicines. Dose reduction, improved bioavailability, receptor-selective binding, and targeted delivery of phytopharmaceuticals can be likely achieved by molding them into specific nano-formulations. 
  • 1.4K
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Biotechnological Interventions in Tomato for Drought Stress Tolerance
Tomato production is severely affected by abiotic stresses (drought, flood, heat, and salt) and causes approximately 70% loss in yield depending on severity and duration of the stress. Drought is the most destructive abiotic stress and tomato is very sensitive to the drought stress, as cultivated tomato lack novel gene(s) for drought stress tolerance. Only 20% of agricultural land worldwide is irrigated, and only 14.51% of that is well-irrigated, while the rest is rain fed. This scenario makes drought very frequent, which restricts the genetically predetermined yield. Primarily, drought disturbs tomato plant physiology by altering plant–water relation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Carotenoid Production via Optimized Fermentation
Carotenoid production from oleaginous red yeast has been considered as a safe alternative to chemically synthesized carotenoids commonly used in the food industry, since plant-based carotenoids are expensive and an irregular source for obtaining pigments. 
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Lattice Boltzmann Method
Biofilm growth and evolution are very complex interactions among physicochemical and biological processes. Mathematical models are critical to modern biotechnology—both in research and in the engineering practice. Thus, many models of biofilms have been developed to include various biofilm reactor modules. However, considerable challenges exist in modelling microbial processes where mesoscopic dynamics of nutrient transport must be coupled with microscopic bacteria growth and their elementary biochemical reactions at reactive or enzymatic interfaces, in addition to the microbiological and/or ecological aspects of the “micro” organisms involved in biofilms. Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) treats flows in terms of fictive parcels of particles which reside on a mesh and conduct translation according to collision steps entailing overall fluid-like behavior. The goal of this review is to discuss and identify the opportunities of applying different LBM-based models to specific areas of biofilm research as well as unique challenges that LBM-based models must overcome.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Cellulolytic Enzymes for Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks
Cellulolytic enzyme synergism is essential for deconstructing cellulose substrates in the biorefinery sector. Therefore, research on cellulolytic enzyme synergistic interactions has attracted extensive interest worldwide. Cellulases, consisting of endo-glucanases, exoglucanases and beta-glucosidases, were thought to be the main enzymes that degrade or modify cellulosic substrates. However, an accumulation of information on the modes of action and substrate hydrolysis mechanisms of expansins, swollenis (SWOs) and lytic polysaccharide mono-oxygenases (LPMOs) revealed that they significantly improve cellulolytic enzyme synergism. An up-to-date model of cellulose deconstruction, including these novel proteins, is required for effective cellulose degradation and advancement of cellulose-based biorefineries. 
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Microbial Production Potential of Pantoea ananatis
Pantoea ananatis, a gram-negative bacterium belonging to the Erwiniaceae family, is a well-known phytopathogen isolated from many ecological niches and plant hosts. However, this bacterium also provides us with various beneficial characteristics, such as the growth promotion of their host plants and increased crop yield. 
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Combination Strategies of Different Antimicrobials
Despite the discovery and development of an array of antimicrobial agents, multidrug resistance poses a major threat to public health and progressively increases mortality. The use of antimicrobial agents in combination can produce synergistic effects if each drug invades a different target or signaling pathway with a different mechanism of action. Therefore, drug combinations can achieve a higher probability and selectivity of therapeutic responses than single drugs.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Sep 2022
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