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Topic Review
Nerve Guidance Conduits
Nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) are tubular biostructures to bridge nerve injury sites via orienting axonal growth in an organized fashion as well as supplying a supportively appropriate microenvironment.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Nanomaterials for Skin Cancer Photoimmunotherapy
Skin cancer is one of the most common types of cancer, and its incidence continues to increase. It is divided into two main categories, melanoma and non-melanoma. Treatments include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The relatively high mortality in melanoma and the existing recurrence rates, both for melanoma and non-melanoma, create the need for studying and developing new approaches for skin cancer management. Studies have focused on immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and photoimmunotherapy. Photoimmunotherapy has gained much attention due to its excellent potential outcomes. It combines the advantages of photodynamic and/or photothermal therapy with a systemic immune response, making it ideal for metastatic cancer. 
  • 1.1K
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering
Skeletal muscle (SKM) represents nowadays a complex and arguing tissue to be generated in vitro for tissue engineering purposes. Several attempts have been pursued to develop hydrogels with different formulations resembling in vitro the characteristics of SKM tissue in vivo. Topographical cues have been applied on the hydrogels to guide cellular orientation and facilitate myogenic differentiation of blended myocites and maturation of the constructs. 3D bioprinting technique allows controlled spatial deposition of cells into ECM based hydrogels and provide the proper SKM native-like tissue microenvironment.  
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Definition and Uses of Biocompatibility in Different Fields
Using the term “biomaterial” is more logical when referring to healthcare-related materials. This includes materials used to fabricate various medical tools and devices, such as those used in implants and surgery procedures. Therefore, for a material to be referred to as a “biomaterial”, it must follow the definition assigned by the National Institute of Health Consensus Development Conference of November 1982, which states that “any substance (other than a drug) or combination of substances, synthetic or natural in origin, which can be used for any period of time, as a whole or as a part of a system that treats, augments, or replaces any tissue, organ, or function of the body”.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Computational Simulations of Heart Valves
Computational methods are a cost-effective tool that can be used to evaluate the flow parameters of heart valves. Valve repair and replacement have long-term stability and biocompatibility issues, highlighting the need for a more robust method for resolving valvular disease. For example, while fluid–structure interaction analyses are still scarcely utilized to study aortic valves, computational fluid dynamics is used to assess the effect of different aortic valve morphologies on velocity profiles, flow patterns, helicity, wall shear stress, and oscillatory shear index in the thoracic aorta. It has been analyzed that computational flow dynamic analyses can be integrated with other methods to create a superior, more compatible method of understanding risk and compatibility.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 May 2022
Topic Review
Pufferfish Optimization Algorithm
Optimization problems are a kind of problem that have more than one feasible solution. According to this, optimization is the process of obtaining the best optimal solution among all feasible solutions for an optimization problem.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
DOX Delivery Systems
Doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the most widely used anthracycline anticancer drugs due to its high efficacy and evident antitumoral activity on several cancer types. However, its effective utilization is hindered by the adverse side effects associated with its administration, the detriment to the patients’ quality of life, and general toxicity to healthy fast-dividing cells. Thus, delivering DOX to the tumor site encapsulated inside nanocarrier-based systems (like liposomes, micelles, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)) is an area of research that has garnered colossal interest in targeted medicine. Nanoparticles can be used as vehicles for the localized delivery and release of DOX, decreasing the effects on neighboring healthy cells and providing more control over the drug’s release and distribution.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Identifying Vocational Deficiencies in Musicians
A combination of factors exposes musicians to neuro-musculoskeletal disorders, which lead to pain and damage. These involve overuse due to long playing hours, containing repetitive movements under stressful conditions, usually performed in an unnatural posture. Although the evoked disorders are usually non-traumatic, they may often lead to prolonged or even permanent damage. For instance, in upper string players, these include bursitis and tendinopathies of the shoulder muscles, tendonitis of the rotator cuff, injury at the tendon sheaths, medial or lateral epicondylitis (also known as tennis elbow), myofascial pain, and wrist tendonitis (also known as carpal tunnel syndrome, or De Quervein’s syndrome). In cases of intensive performance, a traumatic injury may result, requiring drastic means of intervention such as surgery. It should be pointed out that the upper body and upper extremities are the most commonly affected sites of playing musicians.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
First Ray Mobility
Several methods have been described to quantify the first ray mobility. They have certain disadvantages (great size, sophistication, or lack of validation). The objective of this work was to study the validity and reliability of a new instrument for the measurement of first ray mobility. This new device has characteristics that make it possible to be used in daily clinical practice, such as simplicity, lightness, small size and ease of use. The results obtained suggest that the new instrument is valid and reliable.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Inverse Modeling in Cardiovascular Medicine
Inverse modeling approaches in cardiovascular medicine are a collection of methodologies that can provide non-invasive patient-specific estimations of tissue properties, mechanical loads, and other mechanics-based risk factors using medical imaging as inputs. Its incorporation into clinical practice has the potential to improve diagnosis and treatment planning with low associated risks and costs. Inverse method applications are multidisciplinary, requiring tailored solutions to the available clinical data, pathology of interest, and available computational resources. 
  • 1.1K
  • 18 May 2022
Topic Review
Key Inorganic Components of Bone Matrix Nanohydroxyapatite
Each cell type has a specific binding motif on the extracellular matrix, and these interaction spots are nanometers in size; therefore, the physical properties of a surface such as roughness and topography are generally designed in nanoscales. In vitro, osteoblast adhesion, proliferation and differentiation, and mineralization are enhanced for nanomaterials with grain sizes less than 100 nm. The adherence of osteoblasts on the surface covered with titanium nanoparticles is threefold that on the conventional titanium-particle-coated surface. It becomes clear that anchorage-dependent bone-forming cells on rough scaffold surfaces show higher attachment, proliferation, and differentiation efficiency.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Engineered Polymer Nanoparticle
Engineering polymeric nanoparticles for their shape, size, surface chemistry, and functionalization using various targeting molecules has shown improved biomedical applications for nanoparticles. Polymeric nanoparticles have created tremendous therapeutic platforms, particularly applications related to chemo- and immunotherapies in cancer.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Supercritical Fluids for the Encapsulation
Encapsulation based on supercritical fluids has shown several advantages as green technology for the production of functional ingredients with enhanced stability and tailored protection from environmental factors. Thanks to the inherent absence of organic solvent, the low temperature of the process to reach the supercritical state and the capacity to dissolve lipid soluble bioactives, it allows obtaining functional ingredient easily designed to tailor the controlled release of the bioactive, or to reach specific levels of taste, odor and color. The present entry aims to highlight the pros and cons of the encapsulation techniques based on supercritical fluids giving emphasis to their innovative aspects that could be of interest to the food industry.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Methods for Optimization of Bone Scaffold
As the application of bone scaffolds becomes more and more widespread, the requirements for the high performance of bone scaffolds are also increasing. The stiffness and porosity of porous structures can be adjusted as needed, making them good candidates for repairing damaged bone tissues. However, the development of porous bone structures is limited by traditional manufacturing methods. Today, the development of additive manufacturing technology has made it very convenient to manufacture bionic porous bone structures as needed. In the present text, the current state-of-the-art optimization techniques for designing the scaffolds and the settings of different optimization methods are introduced. Additionally, various design methods for bone scaffolds are reviewed. Furthermore, the challenges in designing high performance bone scaffolds and the future developments of bone scaffolds are also presented.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Osteoporotic Bone Tissue Engineering
Bone tissue engineering aims at delivering novel methods for treating bone tissue deficiencies of-ten resulting from polytrauma, pathological fractures, and osteonecrosis as there is an increasing need to provide functional replacement grafts for the patients.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthetic Pathways
The MYB transcription factors (TFs) are evolving as critical role in the regulation of the phenylpropanoid and tanshinones biosynthetic pathway. MYB TFs relate to a very important gene family, which are involved in the regulation of primary and secondary metabolisms, terpenoids, bioactive compounds, plant defense against various stresses and cell morphology.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Sep 2021
Topic Review
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND COVID19
The mankind of 2020 century are facing a treamendous challange against Covid19 /  SARS-COV-2 infection . Widespread viral stunt of spreading followed by death are encasulating the whole world including China , U.S , Brazil , Africa , U.K , USSR , Middle East and finally India . On the pandemic face of Corona Virus Chemical Engineers are having many scopes to serve the following areas of specialisations . 1. SAFETY , HEALTH , ENVIRONMENT ( SHE & Public Health ) 2. Molecuar Simulation of newer antivirals with the help of Engineering Mathemations as well as Computation . 3. Emergency Planning including Personnel Protective Equipments ( PPE ) , Health Statistics Record . 4. Scope to scale-up the vaccine production 5. Global economic crunch associated with Crude oil crisis during this pandemic .      
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Micro-Arc Oxidation in Titanium and Its Alloys
Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are widely recognized as preferred materials for bone implants due to their superior mechanical properties. However, their natural surface bio-inertness can hinder effective tissue integration. To address this challenge, micro-arc oxidation (MAO) has emerged as an innovative electrochemical surface modification technique. Its benefits range from operational simplicity and cost-effectiveness to environmental compatibility and scalability. Furthermore, the distinctive MAO process yields a porous topography that bestows versatile functionalities for biological applications, encompassing osteogenesis, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Advanced Sham Coil for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) neurophysiology has been widely applied worldwide, but it is often contaminated by confounders other than cortical stimulus-evoked activities. Although advanced sham coils that elaborately mimic active stimulation have recently been developed, their performance is not examined in detail. Developing such sham coils is crucial to improve the accuracy of TMS neurophysiology. Herein, we examined the specifications of the sham coil by comparison with the active coil. The magnetic flux and click sound pressure changes were measured when the stimulus intensity was varied from 10% to 100% maximum stimulator output (MSO), and the changes in coil surface temperature over time with continuous stimulation at 50% MSO for each coil. The magnetic flux change at the center of the coil showed a peak of 12.51 (kT/s) for the active coil, whereas it was 0.41 (kT/s) for the sham coil. Although both coils showed a linear change in magnetic flux as the stimulus intensity increased, due to the difference in coil winding structure, the sham coil took less than half the time to overheat and had 5 dB louder coil click sounds than the active coil. The sham coil showed a sufficiently small flux change at the center of the coil, but the flux change from the periphery of the coil was comparable to that of the active coil. Future use of high-quality sham coil will extend our understanding of the TMS neurophysiology of the cortex at the stimulation site. 
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Wearable Bluetooth Triage Healthcare Monitoring System
Triage is the first interaction between a patient and a nurse/paramedic. This assessment, usually performed at Emergency departments, is a highly dynamic process and there are international grading systems that according to the patient condition initiate the patient journey. Triage requires an initial rapid assessment followed by routine checks of the patients’ vitals, including respiratory rate, temperature, and pulse rate. Ideally, these checks should be performed continuously and remotely to reduce the workload on triage nurses; optimizing tools and monitoring systems can be introduced and include a wearable patient monitoring system that is not at the expense of the patient’s comfort and can be remotely monitored through wireless connectivity.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Apr 2022
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