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Topic Review
Inflammation-Driven Colorectal Cancer Associated with Colitis
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC), mainly because of chronic intestinal inflammation. Some unique molecular differences occur in colitis-associated CRC, resulting in a different sequence of events, primarily of inflammation–dysplasia–carcinoma, compared to sporadic cases.
  • 586
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Bile Acids in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a spectrum of diseases, the onset and progression of which are due to chronic alcohol use. ALD ranges, by increasing severity, from hepatic steatosis to alcoholic hepatitis (AH) and alcohol-associated cirrhosis (AC), and in some cases, can lead to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). ALD continues to be a significant health burden and is now the main cause of liver transplantations in the United States. ALD leads to biological, microbial, physical, metabolic, and inflammatory changes in patients that vary depending on disease severity. ALD deaths have been increasing in recent years and are projected to continue to increase. Current treatment centers focus on abstinence and symptom management, with little in the way of resolving disease progression. Due to the metabolic disruption and gut dysbiosis in ALD, bile acid (BA) signaling and metabolism are also notably affected and play a prominent role in disease progression in ALD, as well as other liver disease states, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
  • 585
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Acute Liver Injury and COVID-19
COVID-19 patients with severe illness are likely to present with atypical liver biochemistry tests. A number of systematic and meta-analysis studies have examined pooled odds ratios of hepatocellular and hepatobiliary enzymes to differentiate between severe and non-severe COVID-19 illness. In a meta-analysis of 8 studies involving 7467 COVID-19 patients by Xin et al. individuals had pooled odds ratio of 3.21, 2.35 and 1.87 for elevated AST, ALT and total bilirubin levels respectively in severe illness.
  • 584
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Antibacterial and Antiviral Properties of Tetrahydrocurcumin-Based Formulations
Special attention was given to the bactericidal effects of one of the tetrahydrocurcumin (THC)-phospholipid formulations, which has shown greater bioavailability and activity than pure THC. Similarly, quinoline derivatives and amino acid conjugates of THC have also shown antibacterial effects in the gut. Furthermore, the antiviral characteristics of curcumin (Cur) compared to those of THC are more pronounced in preventing the influenza virus.
  • 584
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Chitosan and Chitosan Derivatives in Enteric Infections Treatment
Chitosan is a nontoxic natural antimicrobial polymer and is approved by GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe by the United States Food and Drug Administration). Chitosan and chitosan derivatives can kill microbes by neutralizing negative charges on the microbial surface. Besides, chemical modifications give chitosan derivatives better water solubility and antimicrobial property. 
  • 584
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Gastric Hyperplastic Polyps
Gastric hyperplastic polyps (GHP) are frequently found to be benign polyps and have been considered to have a low carcinogenic potential. The characteristics of the hyperplastic polyp-associated gastric cancer (HPAGC) remain unclear. 
  • 580
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Role of Melatonin in the Pathogenesis of NAFLD
Endogenous melatonin, an indoleamine hormone synthesized by the pineal gland mainly at night, is a powerful chronobiotic that probably regulates metabolic processes and has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and genomic effects. Extrapineal melatonin has been found in various tissues and organs, including the liver, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract, where it likely maintains cellular homeostasis. Melatonin exerts its effects on NAFLD at the cellular, subcellular, and molecular levels, affecting numerous signaling pathways.
  • 580
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Insulin Resistance and NAFLD development
Insulin resistance (IR) is a condition in which insulin action is altered. In metabolic terms, IR represents the inability of a fixed amount of insulin to metabolize a known amount of glucose in an individual as compared to the general population. 
  • 579
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Relationship between Gut Microbiota and SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Gut microbiota is increasingly recognized to play a pivotal role in various human physiological functions and diseases. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, research has suggested that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is also involved in the development and severity of COVID-19 symptoms by regulating SARS-CoV-2 entry and modulating inflammation.
  • 579
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Anti-HBV/HCV Therapy as Secondary Hepatocellular Carcinoma Prevention
Chronic infections with either hepatitis B or C virus (HBV or HCV) are among the most common risk factors for developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The hepatocarcinogenic potential of these viruses is mediated through a wide range of mechanisms, including the induction of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress and the deregulation of cellular pathways by viral proteins. Given the tumorigenic potential of HBV/HCV, it is no surprise that obtaining sustained viral suppression or eradication proves to be effective in preventing HCC. 
  • 578
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Early Gastrointestinal Neoplasia
Meticulous endoscopic characterization of gastrointestinal neoplasias (GN) is crucial to the clinical outcome. Hereby the indication and type of resection (endoscopically, en-bloc or piece-meal, or surgical resection) are determined. By means of established image-enhanced (IEE) and magnification endoscopy (ME) GN can be characterized in terms of malignancy and invasion depth. In this context, the statistical evidence and accuracy of these diagnostic procedures should be elucidated. Here, we present a systematic review of the literature. Results: 21 Studies could be found which met the inclusion criteria. In clinical prospective trials and meta-analyses, the diagnostic accuracy of >90% for characterization of malignant neoplasms could be documented, if ME with IEE was used in squamous cell esophageal cancer, stomach, or colonic GN. Conclusions: Currently, by means of optical diagnosis, today’s gastrointestinal endoscopy is capable of determining the histological subtype, exact lateral spread, and depth of invasion of a lesion. The prerequisites for this are an exact knowledge of the anatomical structures, the endoscopic classifications based on them, and a systematic learning process, which can be supported by training courses. More prospective clinical studies are required, especially in the field of Barrett’s esophagus and duodenal neoplasia.
  • 577
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Liver disease is one of the most common extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD cause chronic inflammation and can affect various sections of the gastrointestinal tract. A particular form of inflammatory bowel disease is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
  • 577
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
EEN in Pre-Operative Optimisation in Crohn’s Disease
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, with increasing incidence worldwide. Exclusive enteral nutrition is the term used when a patient replaces their habitual diet with an exclusive liquid diet for a defined period. In clinical practice, the most frequent form of exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) used is polymeric liquid feeds, for example, Fortisip™, Ensure™, or Modulen™. EEN is used extensively in the paediatric population to induce remission, but is not routinely used in the induction of remission of adult Crohn’s disease or in pre-operative optimisation.
  • 574
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Etiological Factors of Acute on Chronic Liver Failure
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a syndrome characterized by acute and severe decompensation of chronic liver disease (CLD) correlated with multiple organ failure, poor prognosis, and increased mortality. In 40–50% of ACLF cases, the trigger is not recognized; for many of these patients, bacterial translocation associated with systemic inflammation is thought to be the determining factor; in the other 50% of patients, sepsis, alcohol consumption, and reactivation of chronic viral hepatitis are the most frequently described trigger factors. Other conditions considered precipitating factors are less common, including acute alcoholic hepatitis, major surgery, TIPS insertion, or inadequate paracentesis without albumin substitution.
  • 574
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Cardiovascular Disease
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a metabolic liver disease, which classically includes a spectrum of progressive pathological conditions, ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with different grades of fibrosis and cirrhosis. NAFLD is also a “multisystemic” disease, NAFLD is independently associated with serious hepatic complications (e.g., hepatic decompensation, hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC]), but also with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  • 573
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
The Impact of MicroRNAs during Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a debilitating autoimmune disease characterised by chronic inflammation along the GI tract. Patients diagnosed with IBD are symptomatic for recurrent intestinal inflammation, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, weight loss and anaemia. Due to its complexity, a number of factors are attributed to IBD aetiology, including patients’ genetics and makeup of microbiota, food and pharmaceutical consumption, and even limiting antigen exposure due to excessive sanitation. All these aspects further contribute to changes in miRNA expression.
  • 572
  • 24 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Genetics in Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis
The family of inherited intrahepatic cholestasis includes autosomal recessive cholestatic rare diseases of childhood involved in bile acids secretion or bile transport defects. Specific genetic pathways potentially cause many otherwise unexplained cholestasis or hepatobiliary tumours in a healthy liver. Next-generation sequencing and whole-exome sequencing have improved the diagnostic procedures of familial intrahepatic cholestasis (FIC), as well as the discovery of several genes responsible for FIC.
  • 572
  • 24 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Non-Invasive Biomarkers for Immunotherapy with Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Tumor biomarkers are cellular and molecular products linked directly or indirectly to the presence of cancer cells that are an expression of the tumor’s intrinsic characteristics and can be identified, measured, and analyzed by specific tests.  Currently, there is an increasing interest in developing novel techniques to extract information on tumor biology directly from patient’s body fluids in a non-invasive way. Liquid biopsy, a non-invasive approach of tumor biomarkers detection, permits a dynamic picture of HCC’s evolution and response to therapy. 
  • 570
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Metabolism-Associated Epigenetic and Immunoepigenetic Re-programming in Liver Cancer
Metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic changes have been characterized as hallmarks of liver cancer. Metabolic intermediates serve as crucial substrates for various epigenetic modulations, from post-translational modification of histones to DNA methylation. In turn, epigenetic changes can alter the expression of metabolic genes supporting on the one hand, the increased energetic demand of cancer cells and, on the other hand, influence the activity of tumor-associated immune cell populations. In this review, we will illustrate the most recent findings about metabolic reprogramming in liver cancer. We will focus on the metabolic changes characterizing the tumor microenvironment and on how these alterations impact on epigenetic mechanisms involved in the malignant progression. Furthermore, we will report our current knowledge about the influence of cancer-specific metabolites on epigenetic reprogramming of immune cells. Finally, we will review the current strategies to target metabolic and epigenetic pathways and their therapeutic potential in liver cancer, alone or in combinatorial approaches.
  • 566
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Phenotypes of Patients with Diabetes and NAFLD
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common chronic liver disease in Western countries. Its incidence is expected to keep growing, parallel to the incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its determinants. Within the MetS spectrum, the bulk of research addresses the relationship between either type 2 diabetes (T2DM) or obesity with NAFLD. However, a growing body of evidence shows that NAFLD is also prevalent in a variety of other forms of diabetes that typically have an earlier onset, such as type 1 diabetes (T1DM), Maturity-onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) and ketosis-prone diabetes. 
  • 565
  • 22 Jun 2022
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