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Topic Review
Compositional Analysis of Metal(IV) Phosphate and Phosphonate Materials
Metal(IV) phosphate and phosphonates materials have increasingly found their applications in water purification, heterogeneous catalysis, drug delivery, and proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. The strong linkage between tetravalent metal cations and phosphate/phosphonate groups offers a unique bottom-up design platform, resulting in chemically stable inorganics or hybrids. Task-specific physiochemical functionalities could be deposited by modifying the phosphate/phosphonate groups before the material synthesis. The high reactivity between the metal centre and the phosphorus-containing linker, on the other hand, often leads to obtaining unordered materials (amorphous solids or coordination polymers). The chemical composition of the prepared materials is a key parameter in guiding the synthetic approach and in governing their performances.
  • 277
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Chemical and Biological Properties of Xanthohumol
Xanthohumol (Xn), a prenylated chalcone found in Hop (Humulus lupulus L.), has been shown to have potent anti-aging, diabetes, inflammation, microbial infection, and cancer properties. 
  • 274
  • 22 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Metal-Organic Frameworks Based Multifunctional Materials for Solar Cells
Developing low-cost and stable materials for converting solar energy into electricity is vital in meeting the world’s energy demand. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have gained attention for solar cells due to their natural porous architectures and tunable chemical structures. They are built by high-symmetry metal clusters as secondary building units and organic carboxylate/azolate ligands as linkers. 
  • 260
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Hydrodeoxygenation of Lignin-Derived Fractions
Lignocellulosic biomass is a raw material used for the production of bio-oils and black liquors. These biomass-derived fractions offer promising paths for the production of valuable chemical products. Various catalytic methods have been investigated for upgrading the biomass-derived fractions. Researchers are interested in the hydrodeoxygenation process (HDO); in this process, the oxygen groups are eliminated by breaking the C-O bonds and water as a product. Crucial factors influencing this optimization include temperature, hydrogen pressure, catalyst selection, and physicochemical attributes of the catalyst itself, such as the surface area, porosity, and acid–base properties. However, the intrinsic nature of lignin requires careful investigation. The chemical structural network of this biopolymer is significantly influenced by factors such as plant species and extraction process. Understanding and accounting for these variables are imperative for tailoring processes that efficiently harness the potential of lignin and its derivatives.
  • 258
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Types of Soil Contaminants and Their Harmful Effects
Soil can be understood as a 3D structure that is interconnected with components of the environment, such as air and water. Therefore, if the soil is contaminated, the contamination can easily spread, leading to great risks to human life, ecosystems, water sources, and other environmental receptors. Additionally, the pollutants can be transmitted to the bodies of people who eat crops produced from the soil. The constant contact between dirt that is polluted and the air and water can be hazardous to the environment and human health. Trace elements can lead to digestive problems such as intense pains, diarrhea, vomiting, ulcers, skin problems, lung cancer, changes in genetic material, and other human illnesses.
  • 251
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
SIMS Applications in Metals and Alloys
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) is a powerful mass spectral imaging (MSI) technique, and it has been extensively employed for comprehensive surface analysis and characterization of materials. Its root traces back to 1910, and its early applications are in inorganic materials and semiconductors. During SIMS analysis, a high-energy primary ion beam bombards the solid surface. This interaction with the surface induces the emission of secondary ions (SIs), different from the primary ions, as well as neutral particles. These emanations originate from the top few layers of atoms at the surface. Subsequently, a mass spectrometer analyzes the extracted secondary ions, providing valuable insights into the composition and structural characteristics of the material composition. In contemporary applications, SIMS has evolved into an indispensable tool across diverse fields, such as materials research, medical research, geology, cosmochemistry, and the life sciences.
  • 232
  • 19 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Gas Channeling Control in CO2-Based Enhanced Oil Recovery
Gel systems are widely used as plugging materials in the oil and gas industry. Gas channeling can be mitigated by reducing the heterogeneity of the formation and the mobility ratio of CO2 to crude oil. Cracks and other CO2 leaking pathways can be plugged during the geological storage of CO2 to increase the storage stability. By adding CO2-responsive groups to the classic polymer gel’s molecular chain, CO2 responsive gel is able to seal and recognize CO2 in the formation while maintaining the superior performance of traditional polymer gel. 
  • 229
  • 08 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Wide Structural Variety and Applications of Dendrimers
Dendrimers are hyper-branched macromolecules characterized by large numbers of end-group functionalities and a compact molecular structure. They consist of a central core molecule where multiple branches emerge, giving rise to a hierarchical and well-defined architecture.
  • 228
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Synthesis and Modification of Magnetic Nanoparticles
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) combine their magnetic properties with other interesting characteristics, such as their small size, high surface-to-volume ratio, easy handling, and excellent biocompatibility, resulting in improved specificity and sensitivity and reduced matrix effects. They can be tailored to specific applications and have been extensively used in various fields, including biosensing and clinical diagnosis. In addition, MNPs simplify sample preparation by isolating the target analytes via magnetic separation, thus reducing the analysis time and interference phenomena and improving the analytical performance of detection. The synthesis and modification of MNPs play a crucial role in adjusting their properties for different applications.
  • 207
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Metal–Organic Framework-Based Nanozymes
A nanozyme is a nanoscale material having enzyme-like properties. It exhibits several superior properties, including low preparation cost, robust catalytic activity, and long-term storage at ambient temperatures. Moreover, high stability enables repetitive use in multiple catalytic reactions. Hence, it is considered a potential replacement for natural enzymes. Enormous research interest in nanozymes has made it imperative to look for better enzyme-mimicking materials for biomedical applications. Given this, research on metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as a potential nanozyme material has gained momentum. MOFs are advanced hybrid materials made of inorganic metal ions and organic ligands. Their distinct composition, adaptable pore size, structural diversity, and ease in the tunability of physicochemical properties enable MOFs to mimic enzyme-like activities and act as promising nanozyme candidates. 
  • 207
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Catalytic Synthesis of Terminal Alkene Dimers and Oligomers
Dimers and oligomers of alkenes represent a category of compounds that are in great demand in diverse industrial sectors. Among the developing synthetic methods, the catalysis of alkene dimerization and oligomerization using transition metal salts and complexes is of undoubted interest for practical applications. 
  • 198
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Synthetic Fuels for Decarbonising UK Rural Transport
Decarbonising transport is a crucial element of the UK’s strategy to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, as the transport sector is currently the largest contributor to the UK’s greenhouse gas emissions. Rural communities face distinct challenges in this effort due to their reliance on internal combustion engines (ICEs) across vehicles and machinery essential for daily life, including farming equipment and private transport. While the upcoming ban on new petrol and diesel vehicles paves the way for the adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs), this solution may not fully address the unique needs of rural areas where infrastructure limitations and specific mobility requirements pose significant barriers. In this context, synthetic fuels, produced using renewable energy sources, offer a potential alternative. These fuels can be used directly in existing internal combustion engines without requiring major modifications and have the added benefit of reducing overall greenhouse gas emissions by capturing CO2 during production. This entry explores the potential advantages of adopting synthetic fuels, particularly in rural areas, and examines how community-based buying cooperatives could support their wider use through bulk purchasing, cost reduction, and community empowerment.
  • 181
  • 18 Oct 2024
Topic Review
CO2 Capture
In pre-combustion CO2 capture, the fuel (e.g., biomass, coal, natural gas) is firstly converted into syngas and then subjected to shift conversion to react CO and increase H2 content.
  • 177
  • 25 Jan 2024
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