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Topic Review
COVID 19 and Complement System
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a respiratory illness caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has claimed over one million lives worldwide since December 2019. The complement system, while a first-line immune defense against invading pathogens, has off-target effects that lead to increases in inflammation, tissue damage, and thrombosis; these are common, life-threatening complications seen in patients with COVID-19. The potential impact of complement activation in COVID-19 and possible treatments targeting the complement system are discussed.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Orchids in the Czech Republic
In this entry, we determined the associations of orchid species richness and the degree of their specialization to specific environmental conditions (expressed by species specialization index) with altitude in six floristic areas in the Czech Republic.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Breakdown of Filamentous Myofibrils
Protein degradation maintains cellular integrity by regulating virtually all biological pro- cesses, whereas impaired proteolysis perturbs protein quality control, and often leads to human disease. Two major proteolytic systems are responsible for protein breakdown in all cells: autophagy, which facilitates the loss of organelles, protein aggregates, and cell surface proteins; and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), which promotes degradation of mainly soluble proteins. Recent findings indicate that more complex protein structures, such as filamentous assemblies, which are not acces- sible to the catalytic core of the proteasome in vitro, can be efficiently degraded by this proteolytic machinery in systemic catabolic states in vivo. Mechanisms that loosen the filamentous structure seem to be activated first, hence increasing the accessibility of protein constituents to the UPS. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms underlying the disassembly and loss of the intricate insoluble filamentous myofibrils, which are responsible for muscle contraction, and whose degradation by the UPS causes weakness and disability in aging and disease. Several lines of evidence indicate that myofibril breakdown occurs in a strictly ordered and controlled manner, and the function of AAA-ATPases is crucial for their disassembly and loss.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Apr 2021
Topic Review
LISWC System in Atlantic Canada
Landscape integrated soil and water conservation (LISWC) is a system designed to conserve and reuse soil and water within the landscape by integrating multiple BMPs based on an understanding of the landscape processes and knowledge about the BMPs. On a typical sloping field in Atlantic Canada, an LISWC system can be established by integrating BMPs such as diversion terraces and grassed waterways, tile drainage, water retention structures, supplemental irrigation, conservative tillage practices and soil–landscape restoration. 
  • 1.1K
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Antioxidants in Knee Osteoarthritis
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a chronic multifactorial pathology and a current and essential challenge for public health, with a negative impact on the geriatric patient’s quality of life.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Earthquake Reconnaissance Data
Earthquakes are one of the most catastrophic natural phenomena. After an earthquake, earthquake reconnaissance enables effective recovery by collecting data on building damage and other impacts. This paper aims to identify state-of-the-art data sources for building damage assessment and provide guidance for more efficient data collection. We have reviewed 39 articles that indicate the sources used by different authors to collect data related to damage and post-disaster recovery progress after earthquakes between 2014 and 2021. The current data collection methods have been grouped into seven categories: fieldwork or ground surveys, omnidirectional imagery (OD), terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), remote sensing (RS), crowdsourcing platforms, social media (SM) and closed-circuit television videos (CCTV). The selection of a particular data source or collection technique for earthquake reconnaissance includes different criteria depending on what questions are to be answered by these data. We conclude that modern reconnaissance missions cannot rely on a single data source. Different data sources should complement each other, validate collected data or systematically quantify the damage. The recent increase in the number of crowdsourcing and SM platforms used to source earthquake reconnaissance data demonstrates that this is likely to become an increasingly important data source.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Green Competitiveness of Enterprises
The omnichannel approach to forming marketing strategies for the development of the green competitiveness of enterprises is seen as a process for the inseparable interaction of marketing-mix elements that are aimed at promoting green competitiveness. This approach integrates traditional and digital marketing communication channels and provides consideration for stakeholder interests. The effectiveness of applying the omnichannel approach to the formation of marketing strategies to develop the green competitiveness of enterprises depends on a set of marketing communication channels, which, in various combinations, can increase or decrease the level of companies’ green competitiveness.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Abdominal Compartment Syndrome
Compartment syndrome occurs when increased pressure inside a closed anatomical space compromises tissue perfusion. The sudden increase in pressure inside these spaces requires rapid decompression by means of surgical intervention. In the case of abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS), surgical decompression consists of a laparostomy. 
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Above-and-Belowground Carbon Stocks
Peatlands areas are where partially decayed organic materials accumulate over time and where litter deposition exceeds anaerobic decomposition. These sites are important reservoirs of biodiversity, carbon, and water.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Socio-Economic Drivers of Renewable Energy
Renewable energy is a viable source of energy due to its lower CO2 emissions as compared to non-renewable energy resource. This research highlight the factors affecting renewable energy in BRICS. 
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Corporate Governance, Financial Innovation and Performance
In recent years, the rapid development of digital technology has prompted changes in the business model of banks. The business model has shifted from conventional physical bank branches to internet banking and then to mobile banking. During 2011–2019, the banks have higher shareholding of institutional investors, ratio of independent directors, rate of directors’ attendance, average education level of directors and ratio of directors with a financial or accounting background, the greater innovative financial services offered by banks. After 2015, the influence of corporate governance on banks’ innovative financial services has increased. Moreover, the greater financial innovation services, the higher the bank profitability and value, especially after 2015. Finally, offering more innovative financial services can enhance the value of financial-holding subsidiary banks; by contrast, doing the same might negatively affect the profitability of nonfinancial-holding banks.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Strategies for Achieving Drug-Free Remission in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic immune-mediated systemic disease, which affects approximately 1% of the population and is characterized by a symmetrical inflammatory polyarthropathy.  It has been demonstrated that drug-free remission (DFR) is possible in a proportion of RA patients achieving clinically defined remission (both on cs and b-DMARDS). Immunological, imaging and clinical associations with/predictors of DFR have all been identified, including the presence of autoantibodies, absence of Power Doppler (PD) signal on ultrasound (US), lower disease activity according to composite scores of disease activity and lower patient-reported outcome scores (PROs) at treatment cessation. 
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Halogen-Doped Carbon Dots: Synthesis, Application, and Prospects
Carbon dots (CDs) have many advantages, such as tunable photoluminescence, large two-photon absorption cross-sections, easy functionalization, low toxicity, chemical inertness, good dispersion, and biocompatibility. Halogen doping further improves the optical and physicochemical properties of CDs, extending their applications in fluorescence sensors, biomedicine, photocatalysis, anti-counterfeiting encryption, and light-emitting diodes. The preparation of CDs via the “top-down” and “bottom-up”approaches and the preparation methods and applications of halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine)-doped CDs were discussed here. The main challenges of CDs in the future are the elucidation of the luminescence mechanism, fine doping with elements (proportion, position, etc.), and their incorporation in practical devices.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Brain Tumor Segmentation
Segmentation of brain tumor images from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a challenging topic in medical image analysis. The brain tumor can take many shapes, and MRI images vary considerably in intensity, making lesion detection difficult for radiologists. Image segmentation is the action of grouping pixels according to predefined criteria, in order to build regions or classes of pixels. There are several methods of image segmentation: methods based on contours, regions, classification, or hybrid. Segmentation and its automation remain today one of the major challenges in MRI, mainly in relation to brain tumor images, in order to help the practitioner in his daily practice, in the presence of a huge volume of images. 
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Cytokine Imbalance in Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia
Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) is an important and unresolved problem in biological and clinical psychiatry. Approximately 30% of cases of schizophrenia (Sch) are TRS, which may be due to the fact that some patients with TRS may suffer from pathogenetically “non-dopamine” Sch, in the development of which neuroinflammation is supposed to play an important role. There are many factors leading to a chronic neuroinflammatory process in TRS. 
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Microwave Sounding Unit Temperature Measurements
Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements refers to temperature measurement using the Microwave Sounding Unit instrument and is one of several methods of measuring Earth atmospheric temperature from satellites. Microwave measurements have been obtained from the troposphere since 1979, when they were included within NOAA weather satellites, starting with TIROS-N. By comparison, the usable balloon (radiosonde) record begins in 1958 but has less geographic coverage and is less uniform. Microwave brightness measurements do not directly measure temperature. They measure radiances in various wavelength bands, which must then be mathematically inverted to obtain indirect inferences of temperature. The resulting temperature profiles depend on details of the methods that are used to obtain temperatures from radiances. As a result, different groups that have analyzed the satellite data have obtained different temperature trends. Among these groups are Remote Sensing Systems (RSS) and the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH). The satellite series is not fully homogeneous – the record is constructed from a series of satellites with similar but not identical instrumentation. The sensors deteriorate over time, and corrections are necessary for satellite drift in orbit. Particularly large differences between reconstructed temperature series occur at the few times when there is little temporal overlap between successive satellites, making intercalibration difficult.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Graphene Oxide on Plant Growth
Several reports of graphene oxide (GO) promoting plant growth have sparked interest in its potential applications in agroforestry. These reports show conflicting results from different perspectives, such as plant physiology, biochemistry, cytology, and molecular biology, regarding the beneficial and detrimental effects of GO on plant growth. Seemingly inconsistent studies make it difficult to effectively apply GO in agroforestry. It is proposed that an appropriate concentration of GO may be conducive to its positive effects, and the particle size of GO should be considered when GO is applied in agricultural applications.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
WebQuest
A WebQuest is an inquiry-oriented lesson format in which most or all the information that learners work with comes from the web. These can be created using various programs, including a simple word processing document that includes links to websites.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Diagnosis, Staging, and Grading of Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of plasma cells which is rising in incidence in the developed world. Plasma cells are mature antibody-producing B cells which reside in the bone marrow and are essential for maintaining humoral immunity. Multiple myeloma is characterized by a monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells resulting in the production of monoclonal antibody and end-organ damage.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Types of Carbon Fibers Used in Geopolymer Matrix
Carbon fibers (CFs) can be applied in different forms of occurrence in the geopolymer matrix. The most popular seem to be short CFs because they are easy to use for different applications. Most manufacturing methods do not require significant changes to implement the short fibers, despite the application of long fibers or textiles. However, several research works involved short fibers; a significant part of them concerns work made with the addition of long fiber fabrics as composite elements, carbon fiber felt, or similar forms, as well as the addition of other forms of carbon, i.e., graphene, graphite, or waste CF used in the manufacture of aviation products. The last three additives were introduced most frequently into geopolymers in the form of particles. 
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Feb 2023
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