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Topic Review
Non-Coding RNAs and Gut Microbiota in Cardiac Arrhythmias
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are indispensable for adjusting gene expression and genetic programming throughout development and for health as well as cardiovascular diseases. Cardiac arrhythmia is a frequent cardiovascular disease that has a complex pathology. Studies have shown that ncRNAs are also associated with cardiac arrhythmias. Many non-coding RNAs and/or genomes have been reported as genetic background for cardiac arrhythmias. In general, arrhythmias may be affected by several functional and structural changes in the myocardium of the heart. Therefore, ncRNAs might be indispensable regulators of gene expression in cardiomyocytes, which could play a dynamic role in regulating the stability of cardiac conduction and/or in the remodeling process.
  • 578
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive and refractory subtype of breast cancer, often occurring in younger patients with poor clinical prognosis. Given the current lack of specific targets for effective intervention, the development of better treatment strategies remains an unmet medical need. Over the last decade, the field of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has grown tremendously, offering immense potential for clinical diagnosis/prognosis and therapeutic applications. While TNBC-EVs have been shown to play an important role in tumorigenesis, chemoresistance and metastasis, they could be repurposed as potential biomarkers for TNBC diagnosis and prognosis. 
  • 577
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment in Melanoma Treatment
The role of the tumor microenvironment in tumor growth and therapy has recently attracted more attention in research and drug development. The ability of the microenvironment to trigger tumor maintenance, progression, and resistance is the main cause for treatment failure and tumor relapse. Accumulated evidence indicates that the maintenance and progression of tumor cells is determined by components of the microenvironment, which include stromal cells (endothelial cells, fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, and immune cells), extracellular matrix (ECM), and soluble molecules (chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular vesicles). As a solid tumor, melanoma is not only a tumor mass of monolithic tumor cells, but it also contains supporting stroma, ECM, and soluble molecules. Melanoma cells are continuously in interaction with the components of the microenvironment.
  • 577
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Cell Biological Mechanism in Anticancer Activities of Ginsenosides
Ginsenosides are major bioactive compounds present in the Panax species. Ginsenosides exhibit various pharmaceutical properties, including anticancer. Ginsenosides, a triterpenoid glycoside, are major constituents extracted from Panax ginseng (Pg), P. notoginseng, P. quinquifolium, and another species belonging to the Panax genus, P. vietnamensis.
  • 576
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
SAFE—S Strategy for Trachoma
The biological history of Chlamydia trachomatis is intertwined with the evolution of the man. Infecting Elemental Bodies (EBs), having penetrated mucosal epithelial cells, wrap themselves in a cloak (ĸλαμις) of glycogen that ensures their obligatory intracellular survival and protects this differentiation into Reticulate Bodies (RBs) that feed on cellular ATP. Multiple chemokines and cytokines are involved under the direction of IL-6 in the florid phase and IL-17A in the scar phase. The WHO has successfully identified the SAFE strategy against trachoma (Surgery, Antibiotics, Facial cleansing, Environment) as the blueprint to eliminate the disease by 2020. Recently, interest has been increasingly focused on changing sexual attitudes in different areas of the world, leaving Musca sorbens, Scatophaga stercoraria, and stepsisters fairly blameless, but extolling the role of Chlamydia trachomatis in apparently “sterile” chronic prostatitis or conjunctivitis or, less frequently, in oropharyngitis and proctitis. The addition of an S (SAFE-S) standing for “sexual behavior” was then proposed to also attract the interest and attention not only of Ophthalmologists and Obstetricians/Gynecologists, Urologists/Andrologists, and the School Authorities for information on the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, but also of Social Physicians and Pediatricians. This means that sexually transmitted infections should be screened in asymptomatic patients with risky sexual behavior or sexual contact with people diagnosed with a transmitted infection.
  • 576
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Role of sPLA2-IIA in Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases
Host molecules with antimicrobial properties belong to a large family of mediators including type-IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA). The latter is a potent bactericidal agent with high selectivity against Gram-positive bacteria, but it may also play a role in modulating the host inflammatory response. However, several pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or toxins produced by pathogenic bacteria can modulate the levels of sPLA2-IIA by either inducing or inhibiting its expression in host cells.
  • 574
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
S-15176 Difumarate Salt
S-15176 difumarate salt, a derivative of the anti-ischemic metabolic drug trimetazidine, has been intensively studied for its impact on cellular metabolism in animal models of ischemia-reperfusion injury of the liver, heart, spinal cord, and other organs. Despite evidence of some reduction in oxidative damage to cells, the results of therapy with S-15176 have been mostly disappointing, possibly because of the lack of data on its underlying mechanisms. The role of complexes I-IV of the electron transport chain and membrane permeability transition in mitochondrial toxicity associated with S-15176 is  investigated.
  • 573
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Therapeutic Perspectives in Cardiovascular Diseases
High mortality rates due to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have attracted worldwide attention. It has been reported that mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the most important mechanisms affecting the pathogenesis of CVDs. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations may result in impaired oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), abnormal respiratory chains, and ATP production. In dysfunctional mitochondria, the electron transport chain (ETC) is uncoupled and the energy supply is reduced, while reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is increased.
  • 573
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
MicroRNA-34 Family in Cancers
MicroRNA (miRNA) are small noncoding RNAs that play vital roles in post-transcriptional gene regulation by inhibiting mRNA translation or promoting mRNA degradation. The dysregulation of miRNA has been implicated in numerous human diseases, including cancers. miR-34 family members (miR-34s), including miR-34a, miR-34b, and miR-34c, have emerged as the most extensively studied tumor-suppressive miRNAs.
  • 573
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms Underlying Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most common cancer in men worldwide. Despite recent advances in diagnosis and treatment, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains a significant medical challenge. Prostate cancer cells can develop mechanisms to resist androgen deprivation therapy, such as AR overexpression, AR mutations, alterations in AR coregulators, increased steroidogenic signaling pathways, outlaw pathways, and bypass pathways. Various treatment options for CRPC exist, including androgen deprivation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, localized or systemic therapeutic radiation, and PARP inhibitors. However, more research is needed to combat CRPC effectively. Further investigation into the underlying mechanisms of the disease and the development of new therapeutic strategies will be crucial in improving patient outcomes. 
  • 573
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Bronchial Asthma as a Precursor of Lung Fibrosis
Bronchial asthma is a heterogeneous disease characterized by persistent respiratory system inflammation, airway hyperreactivity, and airflow obstruction. Lung fibrosis is a common occurrence in the pathogenesis of fatal and long-term asthma, and it is associated with disease severity and resistance to therapy.
  • 573
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Plasminogen Receptor Annexin A2/S100A10 Heterotetramer
The plasminogen activator/plasmin system is an enzymatic cascade involved in the control of multiple physiological processes, including fibrin degradation, matrix turnover, phagocytosis, inflammation, and wound healing. Plasmin also plays a critical role during the multiple steps of cancer invasion and metastasis by participating in the degradation of several extracellular matrix proteins and activating certain growth factors, resulting in aggressive cancers. Many tumors show robust fibrinolytic activity due to the enhanced release of plasminogen activators and the stimulated expression of plasminogen receptors such as the annexin A2/S100A10 hetotetramer (AIIt). It is now apparent that within the heterotetramer, annexin A2 functions as a tethering protein while S100A10 binds and activates plasminogen. The key event in the activation of plasminogen by plasminogen receptors involves the interaction of internal lysine and/or carboxyl-terminal lysine residues with the lysine binding domains (kringles) of plasminogen.
  • 572
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Peptides as Potential Therapeutic Strategy against Trypanosomiases
Trypanosomiases are a group of tropical diseases that have devastating health and socio-economic effects worldwide. In humans, these diseases are caused by the pathogenic kinetoplastids Trypanosoma brucei, causing African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness, and Trypanosoma cruzi, causing American trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small peptides synthesized by both prokaryotes and (unicellular and multicellular) eukaryotes, where they fulfill functions related to competition strategy with other organisms and immune defense. These AMPs can bind and induce perturbation in cell membranes, leading to permeation of molecules, alteration of morphology, disruption of cellular homeostasis, and activation of cell death. These peptides have activity against various pathogenic microorganisms, including parasitic protists. 
  • 572
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Function of RUFY Family Proteins with RUN Domain
Cell survival, homeostasis and cell polarity rely on the control of membrane trafficking pathways. The RUN domain (comprised of the RPIP8, UNC-14, and NESCA proteins) has been suggested to be implicated in small GTPase-mediated membrane trafficking and cell polarity. Accumulating evidence supports the hypothesis that the RUN domain-containing proteins might be responsible for an interaction with a filamentous network linked to actin cytoskeleton and/or microtubules. In addition, several downstream molecules of PI3K are involved in regulation of the membrane trafficking by interacting with vesicle-associated RUN proteins such as RUFY family proteins.
  • 571
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Interaction and Collaboration of SP1, HIF-1, and MYC
Specificity protein 1 (SP1), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), and MYC are important transcription factors (TFs). SP1, a constitutively expressed housekeeping gene, regulates diverse yet distinct biological activities; MYC is a master regulator of all key cellular activities including cell metabolism and proliferation; and HIF-1, whose protein level is rapidly increased when the local tissue oxygen concentration decreases, functions as a mediator of hypoxic signals. Systems analyses of the regulatory networks in cancer have shown that SP1, HIF-1, and MYC belong to a group of TFs that function as master regulators of cancer. Therefore, the contributions of these TFs are crucial to the development of cancer. SP1, HIF-1, and MYC are often overexpressed in tumors, which indicates the importance of their roles in the development of cancer. Thus, proper manipulation of SP1, HIF-1, and MYC by appropriate agents could have a strong negative impact on cancer development. Under these circumstances, these TFs have naturally become major targets for anticancer drug development. Accordingly, there are many SP1 or HIF-1 inhibitors available; however, designing efficient MYC inhibitors has been extremely difficult. Studies have shown that SP1, HIF-1, and MYC modulate the expression of each other and collaborate to regulate the expression of numerous genes.
  • 571
  • 13 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Epigenetics and Non-Coding RNAs in Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma (MM) accounts for about 10% of hematological malignancies. It is a plasma cell malignancy that originates from the post-germinal lymphoid B-cell lineage, and is characterized by an uncontrolled clonal growth of plasma cells. The discovery of non-coding RNAs as key actors in multiple myeloma has broadened the molecular landscape of this disease, together with classical epigenetic factors such as methylation and acetylation. microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs comprise the majority of the described non-coding RNAs dysregulated in multiple myeloma, while circular RNAs are recently emerging as promising molecular targets. 
  • 571
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Genome–Environment Interactions and Psychiatric Disorders
Environmental factors are known to interact with the genome by altering epigenetic mechanisms regulating gene expression and contributing to the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. 
  • 570
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Biosensor for the H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus
Avian influenza is caused by avian influenza virus infection; the H5N1 avian influenza virus is a highly pathogenic subtype, affecting poultry and human health. Since the discovery of the highly pathogenic subtype of the H5N1 avian influenza virus, it has caused enormous losses to the poultry farming industry. It was recently found that the H5N1 avian influenza virus tends to spread among mammals. Therefore, early rapid detection methods are highly significant for effectively preventing the spread of H5N1. 
  • 570
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Exosomal miRNAs in Breast Cancer
MiRNAs are a group of noncoding ribonucleic acid (RNA) with 20–25 nucleotides which always regulate the post-transcriptional level of gene expression negatively. It has been well recognized that miRNAs are involved in the diagnosis, initiation, progression, prognosis, and response to treatment of breast cancer. Compared with free ones, the exosomal miRNAs are more stable since the phospholipid bilayer surrounding exosomes can protect them from being degraded by nuclease in the body fluids.
  • 568
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Insulin and Insulin-like Growth Factor Signaling Pathway
Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element, but insufficient or excessive bodily amounts can induce neurotoxicity. Mn can directly increase neuronal insulin and activate insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptors. As an important cofactor, Mn regulates signaling pathways involved in various enzymes. The IGF signaling pathway plays a protective role in the neurotoxicity of Mn, reducing apoptosis in neurons and motor deficits by regulating its downstream protein kinase B (Akt), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR).
  • 567
  • 28 Dec 2023
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