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Topic Review
CXCL1 in Noncancer Diseases of the Cardiovascular System
CXC motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1), a cytokine belonging to the CXC sub-family of chemokines with CXC motif chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) as its main receptor, causes the migration and infiltration of neutrophils to the sites of high expression. This implicates CXCL1 in many adverse conditions associated with inflammation and the accumulation of neutrophils. Herein, the significance of CXCL1 in selected diseases of the cardiovascular system is described.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Nanoformulation of Peptides
Several polymeric nanoparticles have been utilized as potential carriers for peptides and are used for the peptide formulation in controlled and targeted delivery applications. Nanoformulated peptides are reported to improve drug administration, where the drugs are either dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated, or attached to drug carriers.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Biomaterial Scaffolds Applied for Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a catastrophic condition associated with significant neurological deficit and social and financial burdens. The advancements in biomaterial technology, combined with stem cell therapy or other regenerative therapy, can now accelerate the progress of promising novel therapeutic strategies from bench to bedside. Various types of approaches to regeneration therapy for SCI have been combined with the use of supportive biomaterial scaffolds as a drug and cell delivery system to facilitate favorable cell–material interactions and the supportive effect of neuroprotection.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
MSC-Based Therapies in Post-Acute Neurological COVID Syndrome
One of the main concerns related to SARS-CoV-2 infection is the symptoms that could be developed by survivors, known as long COVID, a syndrome characterized by persistent symptoms beyond the acute phase of the infection. This syndrome has emerged as a complex and debilitating condition with a diverse range of manifestations affecting multiple organ systems. It is increasingly recognized for affecting the Central Nervous System, in which one of the most prevalent manifestations is cognitive impairment. The search for effective therapeutic interventions has led to growing interest in Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC)-based therapies due to their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and tissue regenerative properties.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Abyssinian genet
The Abyssinian genet (Genetta abyssinica) is a carnivorous mammal belonging to the family Viverridae. Endemic to the highlands of Ethiopia, it is characterized by its sleek, spotted coat and long tail. This nocturnal creature plays a vital role in local ecosystems as an efficient hunter of small vertebrates and insects.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Grapevine Crown Gall
Grapevine crown gall (GCG), which is caused by tumorigenic Allorhizobium vitis (=Rhizobium vitis), is the most important bacterial disease in grapevine, and its economic impact on grapevine is very high. When young vines develop GCG, they often die, whereas older vines may show stress and poor growth depending on the severity of GCG, because GCG interferes with the vascular system of the grapevine trunk and prevents nutrient flow, leading to inferior growth and death. Viticultural practices and chemical control designed to inhibit GCG are only partially effective presently; thus, a biocontrol procedure could be a desirable and effective approach for GCG prevention.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Boron
Boron (B) is a chemical element with atomic number 5. It has two isotopes, 10B and 11B, with a relative abundance of 20% and 80%, respectively, giving an atomic weight of 10.81. Together with Silicon and Germanium, B is considered a metalloid because it has intermediate properties between metals and non-metals. Its requirement for plant growth has been known for one century. Plants take up B mainly in the form of boric acid and its deficiency causes a plethora of symptoms. The biological functions of B are associated with its capacity to form borate cross-links with polysaccharides, glycoproteins and glycolipids. 
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Acyl-CoA, Lysocardiolipin Acyltransferase 1 and Age-Related Diseases
Cardiolipin (CL) is a mitochondrial signature phospholipid that plays a pivotal role in mitochondrial dynamics, membrane structure, oxidative phosphorylation, mtDNA bioenergetics, and mitophagy. The depletion or abnormal acyl composition of CL causes mitochondrial dysfunction, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of aging and age-related disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms by which mitochondrial dysfunction causes age-related diseases remain poorly understood. Studies in the field has identified acyl-CoA: lysocardiolipin acyltransferase 1 (ALCAT1), an acyltransferase upregulated by oxidative stress, as a key enzyme that promotes mitochondrial dysfunction in age-related diseases. ALCAT1 catalyzes CL remodeling with very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Enrichment of DHA renders CL highly sensitive to oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxidized CL becomes a new source of ROS in the form of lipid peroxides, leading to a vicious cycle of oxidative stress, CL depletion, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Consequently, ablation or the pharmacological inhibition of ALCAT1 have been shown to mitigate obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, fatty liver diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Intrapancreatic Parenchymal Cell Transplantation
In vivo inoculation of cells such as cancer cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS)/embryonic stem (ES) cells into immunocompromised mice, such as nude mice, has been considered a powerful technique for evaluating these cells' potential to form solid tumors made of proliferating cells or teratomas made of various types of differentiated cells originating from three germ cell layers. Two major approaches, i.e., subcutaneous grafting and grafting under the kidney capsule, have been widely utilized for this purpose. Unfortunately, large numbers of tumor cells are required for successful inoculation, and often, failure of tumorigenesis is encountered. This is attributable to dispersion/escaping of grafted cells from the inoculation site. To avoid such cell dispersion/escaping, choosing an appropriate inoculation site from where grafted cells cannot easily disperse is important. Intrapancreatic parenchymal injection of tumorigenic cells is apparently very effective for this purpose; the grafted cells seldom escape from the injection site and are found to form solid tumors even from small numbers (~15 × 103 cells) of cells. The procedure is very simple—it requires only surgical exposure of the pancreas over the dorsal skin under anesthesia and subsequent injection of cells toward the pancreatic parenchyma under dissecting microscope-based observation using a mouthpiece-controlled glass micropipette. The inoculated cells generally grow as solid tumors 1–1.5 months after surgery. This novel technique is known as “intrapancreatic parenchymal cell transplantation (IPPCT).” Apart from the abovementioned benefit, IPPCT may be useful for those wanting to obtain large amounts of tumorigenic cells for biochemical or molecular biological analyses or for those rescuing specific cells that are difficult to cultivate in vitro.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Three-Dimensional Spheroids in Cancer Research
Three-dimensional (3D) cultures of cancer cells that better recapitulate in vivo cell environments emerged as scientifically accurate and low cost cancer models for preclinical screening and testing of new drug candidates before moving to expensive and time-consuming animal models.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Dec 2020
Topic Review
SLC6A14 and SLC38A5
SLC6A14 and SLC38A5 are the two transporters that are upregulated in a variety of cancers to mediate the influx of glutamine, serine, glycine, and methionine into cancer cells. SLC6A14 is a Na+/Cl− -coupled transporter for multiple amino acids, including these four amino acids. In contrast, SLC38A5 is a Na+-coupled transporter with rather restricted specificity towards glutamine, serine, glycine, and methionine. Both transporters exhibit unique functional features that are ideal for the rapid proliferation of cancer cells.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Hepatocrinology
Hepatocrinology is defined as the bidirectional, complex relationship between hepatic and endocrine physiology and dysfunctions. The scope of hepatocrinology includes conditions of varied etiology (metabolic, infectious, autoimmune, and invasive) that we term as hepato-endocrine syndromes.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Nanomaterials as Inhibitors in EMT
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has emerged as a key regulator of cell invasion and metastasis in cancers. However, although EMT represents a relevant therapeutic target for cancer treatment, its application in the clinic is still limited due to various reasons, including appropriate drug delivery. Different nanomaterials may be used to counteract EMT induction, providing novel therapeutic tools against many different cancers. We discuss the application of various nanomaterials for EMT-based therapies in cancer, the therapeutic relevance of some of the proposed EMT targets, and the potential benefits and weaknesses of each approach.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Terpenoids in and beyond Cannabis Plant
Cannabinoids is a vast term that defines several compounds that have been characterized in three categories: (i) endogenous, (ii) synthetic, and (iii) phytocannabinoids, and are able to modulate the CBR and ECS. Particularly, phytocannabinoids are natural terpenoids or phenolic compounds derived from Cannabis sativa. Cannabimimetic ligands, beyond the Cannabis plant, can act as CBR agonists or antagonists, or ECS enzyme inhibitors, besides being able of playing a role in immune-mediated inflammatory and infectious diseases, neuroinflammatory, neurological, and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as in cancer, and autoimmunity by itself.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Nov 2021
Topic Review
UN Sustainable Development Goals
Reaching the land-related UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and similar goals articulated by the EU Green Deal (GD) by 2030 presents a major challenge and requires a pragmatic approach focused on joint learning by land users (mostly farmers), researchers and other stakeholders in “Living Labs” and system experiments at experimental farms of research organizations. Defining specific indicators and thresholds for ecosystem services in line with land-related SDGs is crucial to establish “Lighthouses” that can act as inspiring examples if they meet the various thresholds.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Bio-Lubricants
An extremely efficient lubrication system is achieved in synovial joints by means of bio-lubricants and sophisticated nanostructured surfaces that work together.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Hailuoto
Hailuoto (Finnish: [ˈhɑi̯ˌluo̯to]; Swedish: Karlö) is a Finnish island in the northern Baltic Sea and a municipality in Northern Ostrobothnia region. The municipality covers an area of (excluding sea areas) of which is inland water. Of all the Finnish sea islands, Hailuoto is the third largest after Fasta Åland and Kimitoön. Hailuoto lies opposite the city of Oulu in the Gulf of Bothnia. The distance between Oulu and Hailuoto is 53 kilometres (33 mi), and the sea area between them is called Luodonselkä (literally "the back of islet"). Land in the region is constantly rising due to post-glacial rebound. It is estimated that the first parts of Hailuoto appeared from the Baltic Sea about 1700 years ago. The current island of Hailuoto was formed from many smaller islands. Two large sections, Santonen and Hanhinen merged into the main island (Luoto) only about two centuries ago. The island is continuously expanding and eventually it will join with the continent. Kirkkosalmi, a wetland region between Hanhinen and Luoto is renowned for being an important bird refuge where rare bird species are observed. The theme of the coat of arms of Hailuoto describes the economy of the island municipality; the explanation of the coat of arms is "in a blue field with a silver rowlock." The coat of arms was designed by Teuvo-Pentti Pakkala and approved by the Hailuoto Municipal Council at its meeting on April 28, 1966. The Ministry of the Interior approved the use of the coat of arms on December 19 of the same year.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
De Rham Curve
In mathematics, a de Rham curve is a certain type of fractal curve named in honor of Georges de Rham. The Cantor function, Cesàro curve, Minkowski's question mark function, the Lévy C curve, the blancmange curve and the Koch curve are all special cases of the general de Rham curve.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cryosphere
The cryosphere (from the Greek κρύος kryos, "cold", "frost" or "ice" and σφαῖρα sphaira, "globe, ball") is an all-encompassing term for those portions of Earth's surface where water is in solid form, including sea ice, lake ice, river ice, snow cover, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, and frozen ground (which includes permafrost). Thus, there is a wide overlap with the hydrosphere. The cryosphere is an integral part of the global climate system with important linkages and feedbacks generated through its influence on surface energy and moisture fluxes, clouds, precipitation, hydrology, atmospheric and oceanic circulation. Through these feedback processes, the cryosphere plays a significant role in the global climate and in climate model response to global changes. The term deglaciation describes the retreat of cryospheric features. Cryology is the study of cryospheres.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
List of Gliders (P)
This is a list of gliders/sailplanes of the world, (this reference lists all gliders with references, where available) Note: Any aircraft can glide for a short time, but gliders are designed to glide for longer.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Nov 2022
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