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Topic Review
Optimization of Genome Knock-In Method for Plants
Plant expression systems are currently regarded as promising alternative platforms for the production of recombinant proteins, including the proteins for biopharmaceutical purposes. However, the accumulation level of a target protein in plant expression systems is still rather low compared with the other existing systems, namely, mammalian, yeast, and E. coli cells. To solve this problem, numerous methods and approaches have been designed and developed. At the same time, the random nature of the distribution of transgenes over the genome can lead to gene silencing, variability in the accumulation of recombinant protein, and also to various insertional mutations. The current research considered inserting target genes into pre-selected regions of the plant genome (genomic “safe harbors”) using the CRISPR/Cas system. Regions of genes expressed constitutively and at a high transcriptional level in plant cells (housekeeping genes) that are of interest as attractive targets for the delivery of target genes were characterized.
  • 644
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Long Non-Coding RNAs in Ewing Sarcoma Pathogenesis
Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a rare aggressive cancer of bone and soft tissue that is mainly characterized by a reciprocal chromosomal translocation. As a result, about 90% of cases express the EWS-FLI1 fusion protein that has been shown to function as an aberrant transcription factor driving sarcomagenesis. ES is the second most common malignant bone tumor in children and young adults. Current treatment modalities include dose-intensified chemo- and radiotherapy, as well as surgery. Despite these strategies, patients who present with metastasis or relapse still have dismal prognosis, warranting a better understanding of treatment resistant-disease biology in order to generate better prognostic and therapeutic tools.
  • 643
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Technologies Used to Discover Immune Cell Heterogeneity
During homeostasis, immune cells perform daily housekeeping functions to maintain heart health by acting as sentinels for tissue damage and foreign particles.
  • 642
  • 30 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Role of Mitochondria in NGF/TRKA/miR-145 in Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological neoplasm, and epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) accounts for 90% of ovarian malignancies. Nerve growth factor (NGF) and tropomyosin kinase A (TRKA), its high-affinity receptor, play a crucial role in pathogenesis through cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and migration. NGF/TRKA increase their expression during the progression of EOC by upregulation of oncogenic proteins as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and c-Myc. Otherwise, the expression of most oncoproteins is regulated by microRNAs (miRs). Our laboratory group reported that the tumoral effect of NGF/TRKA depends on the regulation of miR-145 levels in EOC. Currently, mitochondria have been proposed as new therapeutic targets to activate the apoptotic pathway in the cancer cell. 
  • 642
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
LincRNAs and snoRNAs in Breast Cancer Metastasis
LncRNAs are defined as RNAs whose transcript length exceeds 200 nucleotides and is not translated into proteins. They are transcribed by RNA polymerase II and although they can be categorized based on their length, function, location, and mechanism of action, so far there are no standard guidelines for this classification. According to their position in the genome in relation to protein-coding genes, they are categorized as (i) sense, which are transcribed in the same direction as that of the protein-coding gene, (ii) antisense, which are transcribed in a direction opposite to that of the protein-coding gene, (iii) bidirectional, which are transcribed in both directions, (iv) intronic, that are transcribed from introns found within protein-coding genes, (v) intergenic (lincRNAs), that are transcribed between two protein-coding genes, and (vi) enhancer lncRNAs. Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are 60–300 nucleotides in length and as the name suggests, are mainly found in the nucleolus where they function as guide RNAs for the post-transcriptional modification of ribosomal RNAs and some spliceosomal RNAs. 
  • 642
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Calcineurin B-like Proteins in Plants under Salt Stress
Salinity stands as a significant environmental stressor, severely impacting crop productivity. Plants exposed to salt stress undergo physiological alterations that influence their growth and development. Meanwhile, plants have also evolved mechanisms to endure the detrimental effects of salinity-induced salt stress. Within plants, Calcineurin B-like (CBL) proteins act as vital Ca2+ sensors, binding to Ca2+ and subsequently transmitting signals to downstream response pathways. CBLs engage with CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs), forming complexes that regulate a multitude of plant growth and developmental processes, notably ion homeostasis in response to salinity conditions.
  • 642
  • 05 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Metalloproteinases of Social Determinants of Health
There are three main families of metalloproteinases (MPs) that are involved in human health and disease: (1) the “matrix metalloproteinase” (MMP) family, (2) the “a disintegrin and metalloprotease” (ADAM) family, and (3) the “a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs” (ADAMTS) family. MPs are relevant to public health because of their role in several diseases and, most of all, their role as biomarkers that also impact the quality of life and the psychosocial dimension of affected patients. In this context, new pathways to precision health and precision medicine have been opened in the area of MPs. 
  • 639
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Bortezomib-Based Nanoformulations
Bortezomib (BTZ) is the first proteasome inhibitor approved by the Food and Drug Administration. It can bind to the amino acid residues of the 26S proteasome, thereby causing the death of tumor cells. BTZ plays an irreplaceable role in the treatment of mantle cell lymphoma and multiple myeloma. The applications of BTZ are limited due to its insufficient specificity, poor permeability, and low bioavailability. Therefore, in recent years, different BTZ-based drug delivery systems have been designed and developed. In the entry, the progress on BTZ-based nanoformulations was summarized.
  • 638
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Sputum Proteomics in Asthma
The identification of markers of inflammatory activity at the early stages of pulmonary diseases which share common characteristics that prevent their clear differentiation is of great significance to avoid misdiagnosis, and to understand the intrinsic molecular mechanism of the disorder. The combination of electrophoretic/chromatographic methods with mass spectrometry is currently a promising approach for the identification of candidate biomarkers of a disease. Since the fluid phase of sputum is a rich source of proteins which could provide an early diagnosis of specific lung disorders, it is frequently used in these studies.
  • 637
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Effects of Nutrient Stress on Plant DNA Methylation
Nutrient limitation is major environmental stress that reduces plant growth, productivity and quality. Globally, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) limitations are ubiquitous in soil. Therefore, N and P deficiencies are the main constraints of food production under low-fertilization conditions, while under high-fertilization conditions, large amounts of N and P fertilization can cause large-scale environmental pollution. In addition to N and P, breeding crops with more iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) is also one of the priorities, since large numbers of people eat grains due to Fe and Zn deficiencies. Furthermore, there are essential nutrients for plants, such as sulfur (S), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). DNA methylation in plants plays a vital role in the response to nutrient changes and is involved in controlling nutrient homeostasis. 
  • 637
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Enzymatic Functions of DJ-1
DJ-1 (also known as PARK7) is a multifunctional enzyme in human beings that is highly conserved and that has also been discovered in diverse species (ranging from prokaryotes to eukaryotes). Its complex enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities (such as anti-oxidation, anti-glycation, and protein quality control), as well as its role as a transcriptional coactivator, enable DJ-1 to serve as an essential regulator in multiple cellular processes (e.g., epigenetic regulations) and make it a promising therapeutic target for diverse diseases (especially cancer and Parkinson’s disease).
  • 637
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Alternative Electron Sources for Cytochrome P450s Catalytic Cycle
The functional significance of cytochrome P450s (CYP) enzymes is their ability to catalyze the biotransformation of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. P450 enzymes catalyze regio- and stereoselective oxidations of C-C and C-H bonds in the presence of oxygen as a cosubstrate. Initiation of cytochrome P450 catalytic cycle needs an electron donor (NADPH, NADH cofactor) in nature or alternative artificial electron donors such as electrodes, peroxides, photo reduction, and construction of enzymatic “galvanic couple”.
  • 637
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Effect of H. sabdariffa Extract on Obesity
H. sabdariffa derived bioactive compounds are potent in the treatment of obesity with an evident reduction in body weight, inhibition of lipid accumulation and suppression of adipogenesis through the PPARγ pathway and other transcriptional factors. 
  • 636
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Autophagy in Hematological Malignancies
Leukemia is often referred to as a clonal stem cell disorder where self-renewing leukemic stem cells (LSCs) have been described to initiate tumor formation and later cause chemotherapy resistance or failure and disease relapse. LSCs can either originate from transformed HSCs or their more differentiated and mutated progeny, depending on the type of leukemia, disease stage, and other contributing factors. 
  • 636
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Role of ADAMTS Proteoglycanases in Aortic Disease
Thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (TAAD) are complex disease states with high morbidity and mortality that pose significant challenges to early diagnosis. The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a crucial role in regulating the aortic structure and function. The histopathologic hallmark termed medial degeneration is characterised by smooth muscle cell (SMC) loss, the degradation of elastic and collagen fibres and proteoglycan (PG) accumulation. Covalently attached to the protein core of PGs are a number of glycosaminoglycan chains, negatively charged molecules that provide flexibility, compressibility, and viscoelasticity to the aorta. PG pooling in the media can produce discontinuities in the aortic wall leading to increased local stress. The accumulation of PGs is likely due to an imbalance between their synthesis by SMCs and decreased proteolysis by A Disintegrin-like and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) proteoglycanases in the ECM. Mouse models of TAAD indicated that these proteases exert a crucial, albeit complex and not fully elucidated, role in this disease. This has led to a mounting interest in utilising ADAMTS proteoglycanases as biomarkers of TAAD.
  • 635
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Non-Coding RNAs in Airway Diseases
Inflammation of the human lung is mediated in response to different stimuli (e.g., physical, radioactive, infective, pro-allergenic, or toxic) such as cigarette smoke and environmental pollutants. These stimuli often promote an increase in different inflammatory activities in the airways, manifesting themselves as chronic diseases (e.g., allergic airway diseases, asthma chronic bronchitis/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or even lung cancer). Non-coding RNA (ncRNAs) are single-stranded RNA molecules of few nucleotides that regulate the gene expression involved in many cellular processes. ncRNA are molecules typically involved in the reduction of translation and stability of the genes of mRNAs s.
  • 634
  • 04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
General Properties of Genes Encoding Histone Variants
All the cells of an organism contain the same genome. However, each cell expresses only a minor fraction of its potential and, in particular, the genes encoding the proteins necessary for basal metabolism and the proteins responsible for its specific phenotype. The ability to use only the right and necessary genes involved in specific functions depends on the structural organization of the nuclear chromatin, which in turn depends on the epigenetic history of each cell, which is stored in the form of a collection of DNA and protein modifications. Among these modifications, DNA methylation and many kinds of post-translational modifications of histones play a key role in organizing the complex indexing of usable genes.
  • 634
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Point-of-Care Testing of microRNAs
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNAs that are approximately 22 nt in length and regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. miRNAs play a vital role in both physiological and pathological processes and are regarded as promising biomarkers for cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and so on. Accurate detection of miRNA expression level in clinical samples is important for miRNA-guided diagnostics. However, the common miRNA detection approaches like RNA sequencing, qRT-PCR, and miRNA microarray are performed in a professional laboratory with complex intermediate steps and are time-consuming and costly, challenging the miRNA-guided diagnostics. Hence, sensitive, highly specific, rapid, and easy-to-use detection of miRNAs is crucial for clinical diagnosis based on miRNAs. With the advantages of being specific, sensitive, efficient, cost-saving, and easy to operate, point-of-care testing (POCT) has been widely used in the detection of miRNAs.
  • 634
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Metabolomics' Role in Crop Improvement and Abiotic Stresses
Plant metabolomics is a rapidly advancing field of plant sciences and systems biology. It involves comprehensive analyses of small molecules (metabolites) in plant tissues and cells. These metabolites include a wide range of compounds, such as sugars, amino acids, organic acids, secondary metabolites (e.g., alkaloids and flavonoids), lipids, and more. Metabolomics allows an understanding of the functional roles of specific metabolites in plants’ physiology, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. It can lead to the identification of metabolites linked with specific traits or functions. Plant metabolic networks and pathways can be better understood with the help of metabolomics. Researchers can determine how plants react to environmental cues or genetic modifications by examining how metabolite profiles change under various crop stages. Metabolomics plays a major role in crop improvement and biotechnology. 
  • 633
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Studying the Human Microbiota
Biological clocks are systems in living organisms that allow them to respond to the passage of time, anticipate environmental changes, and regulate and coordinate various physiological processes.
  • 633
  • 21 Nov 2023
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