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Topic Review
Probiotics in Fish Nutrition
Probiotics are live microbial additives that have a beneficial effect on the host by (1) modifying the host-associated microbial community, (2) ensuring improved use of the feed or enhancing its nutritional value, (3) enhancing the host response towards disease, and/or (4) improving the quality of its ambient environment.
  • 893
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Dipsogenic Diabetes Insipidus
Dipsogenic diabetes insipidus (DDI) is a subtype of primary polydipsia (PP), which occurs mostly in healthy people without psychiatric disease. 
  • 886
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
The Roles of Mitochondrial to Chronic Kidney Disease
Mitochondria are heterogeneous and highly dynamic organelles, playing critical roles in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, metabolic modulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and cell differentiation and death. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been recognized as a contributor in many diseases. The kidney is an organ enriched in mitochondria and with high energy demand in the human body. Recent studies have been focusing on how mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of different forms of kidney diseases, including acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). AKI has been linked to an increased risk of developing CKD. AKI and CKD have a broad clinical syndrome and a substantial impact on morbidity and mortality, encompassing various etiologies and representing important challenges for global public health. Renal mitochondrial disorders are a common feature of diverse forms of AKI and CKD, which result from defects in mitochondrial structure, dynamics, and biogenesis as well as crosstalk of mitochondria with other organelles. Persistent dysregulation of mitochondrial homeostasis in AKI and CKD affects diverse cellular pathways, leading to an increase in renal microvascular loss, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and eventually renal failure. It is important to understand the cellular and molecular events that govern mitochondria functions and pathophysiology in AKI and CKD, which should facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies. This review provides an overview of the molecular insights of the mitochondria and the specific pathogenic mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in the progression of AKI, CKD, and AKI to CKD transition. We also discuss the possible beneficial effects of mitochondrial-targeted therapeutic agents for the treatment of mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated AKI and CKD, which may translate into therapeutic options to ameliorate renal injury and delay the progression of these kidney diseases.
  • 886
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Sample Pretreatment of Microfluidic Devices
The difficulty of sample pretreatment/preparation in food testing is much higher than that for human biological samples. For example, whole blood analysis and diagnosis tests usually require only centrifugation to separate the blood cells and plasma for detection. By contrast, when detecting acidic preservatives in food samples, for example, it is necessary to homogenize the sample first and then extract the test substance by steam distillation before detection can be performed. As a result, sample processing in traditional food detection methods usually involves a high cost, a long process, and the use of multiple equipment. This section therefore reviews the pretreatment methods proposed in the literature for milk sample analysis using compact and low-cost microfluidic devices. Broadly speaking, pretreatment methods on microfluidic platforms fall into three main categories, namely separation, extraction, and concentration/amplification.
  • 885
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Preeclampsia and Therapeutic Approaches
Preeclampsia (PE) is a serious pregnancy complication, affecting about 5–7% of pregnancies worldwide and is characterized by hypertension and damage to multiple maternal organs, primarily the liver and kidneys. PE usually begins after 20 weeks’ gestation and, if left untreated, can lead to serious complications and lifelong disabilities—even death—in both the mother and the infant. As delivery is the only cure for the disease, treatment is primarily focused on the management of blood pressure and other clinical symptoms. The pathogenesis of PE is still not clear. Abnormal spiral artery remodeling, placental ischemia and a resulting increase in the circulating levels of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1), also called soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), are believed to be among the primary pathologies associated with PE. sFlt-1 is produced mainly in the placenta during pregnancy and acts as a decoy receptor, binding to free VEGF (VEGF-A) and placental growth factor (PlGF), resulting in the decreased bioavailability of each to target cells. Despite the pathogenic effects of increased sFlt-1 on the maternal vasculature, recent studies from our laboratory and others have strongly indicated that the increase in sFlt-1 in PE may fulfill critical protective functions in preeclamptic pregnancies.
  • 880
  • 11 Jun 2021
Topic Review
YB1 in Triple Negative Breast Cancer
The Y Box binding protein 1 (YB1) is a multifunctional protein, found both in the cytoplasm and inside the nucleus, that belongs to the highly conserved Cold Shock Domain protein family. YB1 is highly expressed in TNBC tumors of AA origin when compared to CAs. Increased expression levels and activity of YB1 correlates with poor disease outcomes, resistance to chemotherapy, and the activation of the cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype, with higher levels in AA than in CA TNBC tumors.
  • 880
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Biosurfactants as Food Additives
Microbial surfactants as food additives comprise molecules that may be introduced to food in order to confer emulsifying, foaming, thickening, texture-improving, and/or preserving properties, along with the encapsulation of fat-soluble substances such as vitamins (called “direct food additives”).
  • 878
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
CRISPR Therapy
In the last two decades, the therapeutic landscape of several tumors have changed profoundly with the introduction of drugs against proteins encoded by oncogenes. Oncogenes play an essential role in human cancer and when their encoded proteins are inhibited by specific drugs, the tumoral process can be reverted or stopped. An example of this is the case of the chronic myeloid leukemia, in which all the pathological features can be attributed by a single oncogene. Most patients with this disease now have a normal life expectancy thanks to a rationality designed inhibitor. However, the drug only blocks the protein, the oncogene continues unaffected and treatment discontinuation is only an option for a small subset of patients. With the advent of genome-editing nucleases and, especially, the CRISPR/Cas9 system, the possibilities to destroy oncogenes now is feasible. A novel therapeutic tool has been developed with unimaginable limits in cancer treatment. Recent studies support that CRISPR/Cas9 system could be a definitive therapeutic option in chronic myeloid leukemia. This work reviews the biology of chronic myeloid leukemia, the emergence of the CRISPR system, and its ability as a specific tool for this disease.
  • 877
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells Methods
Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents one of the most deadly cancers worldwide. Colorectal cancer stem cells (cCSCs) are the driving units of CRC initiation and development. After the concept of cCSC was first formulated in 2007, a huge bulk of research has contributed to expanding its definition, from a cell subpopulation defined by a fixed phenotype in a plastic entity modulated by complex interactions with the tumor microenvironment, in which cell position and niche-driven signals hold a prominent role. The wide development of cellular and molecular technologies recent years has been a main driver of advancements in cCSCs research
  • 877
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Ankyrin-B in Cardiac Function
Ankyrin-B (encoded by ANK2), originally identified as a key cytoskeletal-associated protein in the brain, is highly expressed in the heart and plays critical roles in cardiac physiology and cell biology. In the heart, ankyrin-B directs the targeting and localization of key ion channels and transporters, structural proteins, and signaling molecules. The role of ankyrin-B in normal cardiac function is illustrated in animal models lacking ankyrin-B expression, which display significant electrical and structural phenotypes,1 and life-threatening arrhythmias. Further, ankyrin-B dysfunction has been associated with cardiac phenotypes in humans (now referred to as “ankyrin-B syndrome”) including sinus node dysfunction, heart rate variability, atrial fibrillation, conduction block, arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, structural remodeling, and sudden cardiac death.
  • 876
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Epigenetics in the Uterine Environment
The societal burden of non-communicable disease is closely linked with environmental exposures and lifestyle behaviours, including the adherence to a poor maternal diet from the earliest preimplantation period of the life course onwards. Epigenetic variations caused by a compromised maternal nutritional status can affect embryonic development and offspring health later in life.
  • 873
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Romantic Love and Sleep
“Romantic love is a motivational state typically associated with a desire for long-term mating with a particular individual. It occurs across the lifespan and is associated with distinctive cognitive, emotional, behavioural, social, genetic, neural, and endocrine activity in both sexes. Throughout much of the life course, it serves mate choice, courtship, sex, and pair-bonding functions. It is a suite of adaptations and by-products that arose sometime during the recent evolutionary history of humans”. Sleep is common in the animal kingdom, although it takes various forms. Sleep in humans is defined “on the basis of both behaviour of the person while asleep and the related physiologic changes that occur to the waking brain’s electrical rhythm in sleep”. Behavioural characteristics of sleep include lack of mobility or slight mobility, closed eyes, a characteristic species-specific sleeping posture, reduced response to external stimulation, quiescence, increased reaction time, elevated arousal threshold, impaired cognitive function, and a reversible unconscious state. It includes non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Non-rapid eye movement sleep is characterised by synchronised electroencephalographic activity, mildly reduced muscle tone, and slow rolling eye movements. Rapid eye movement sleep is characterised by theta or saw tooth waves and desynchronised electroencephalographic activity, moderately to severely reduced or absent muscle tone, and rapid eye movements. There are three stages of NREM sleep (i.e., N1, N2, N3) and one stage of REM sleep.
  • 872
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular DNA
Extracellular DNA (eDNA) refers to any molecule of DNA found outside a cell. eDNA has an important ecological role as a signal molecule in several organisms. In plants, it has shown beneficial effects on important production traits such as defense mechanisms, plant growth and development, and secondary metabolites production that results in yield increment and better-quality food.
  • 868
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Blood Markers in Human Colorectal Cancer
Cancer is a predominant cause of mortality all over the world. Lung, prostate, and colorectal cancer are the more frequent in men while breast and colorectal have a high incidence in women. Major progress aside, some cancers are still frequent and one major issue is improvements in detection methods. Imaging techniques have a major role, but inflammatory, tumoral markers and calculated scores may contribute to the assessment of prognosis. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM) have been used for decades and do not have a clear use for diagnosis or prognosis yet. The CEACAM family includes 12 human members, and some of them have a cluster differentiation (CD). CD66 may be an interesting indicator of disease severity. Beside interleukin-6 (IL-6), the high level of which is observed in patients with a high mortality rate, other cytokines IL-17A, IL-22, and transforming growth factor -β (TGF-β) are expressed at the tumor level. The detection of circulating tumor cells has been improved but is still of undetermined value. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) was recently studied in CRC stage II patients and may be helpful for chemotherapy management.
  • 868
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Carbohydrate
Carbohydrate is the most abundant macronutrient in the human diet, providing 45–70% of daily calories.
  • 864
  • 13 May 2021
Topic Review
Advantages/Disadvantages/Limitations of Chemotaxis Assays for Campylobacter spp.
Chemotaxis directed motility of intestinal bacteria such as Campylobacter jejuni could enable the cells to move toward favourable conditions and away from hazardous ones. Reproducible qualitative and quantitative assessment of bacterial chemotactic motility, particularly in response to chemorepellent effectors, is experimentally challenging. Several established chemotaxis assays currently used to investigate Campylobacter jejuni chemotaxis are compared, with the aim of improving the correlation between different studies and establishing the best practices.
  • 864
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Cold-Stored Platelet
Cold-stored platelets are making a comeback. They were abandoned in the late 1960s in favor of room-temperature stored platelets due to the need for longer post-transfusion platelet recoverability and survivability in patients with chronic thrombocytopenia. However, the current needs for platelet transfusions are rapidly changing. Today, more platelets are given to patients who are actively bleeding, such as ones receiving cardiac surgeries. It has been established that cold-stored platelets are more hemostatically effective, have reduced bacterial growth, and have longer potential shelf lives. These compelling characteristics led to the recent interest in bringing back cold-stored platelets to the blood systems. However, before reinstating cold-stored platelets in the clinics again, a thorough investigation of in vitro storage characteristics and in vivo transfusion effects is required.
  • 864
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Silver and Gold Nanoparticles
Silver and gold nanoparticles can be found in a range of household products related to almost every area of life, including patches, bandages, paints, sportswear, personal care products, food storage equipment, cosmetics, disinfectants, etc. Their confirmed ability to enter the organism through respiratory and digestive systems, skin, and crossing the blood–brain barrier raises questions of their potential effect on cell function. Therefore, this manuscript aimed to summarize recent reports concerning the influence of variables such as size, shape, concentration, type of coating, or incubation time, on effects of gold and silver nanoparticles on cultured cell lines. Due to the increasingly common use of AgNP and AuNP in multiple branches of the industry, further studies on the effects of nanoparticles on different types of cells and the general natural environment are needed to enable their long-term use. However, some environmentally friendly solutions to chemically synthesized nanoparticles are also investigated, such as plant-based synthesis methods.
  • 863
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Kaempferol- and Quercetin-Rich Herbs in Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder impairing cognition and memory in the elderly. This disorder has a complex etiology, including senile plaque and neurofibrillary tangle formation, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and damaged neuroplasticity. The treatment options are limited, so alternative treatments such as herbal medicine could suppress symptoms while slowing cognitive decline.
  • 860
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Antioxidant Assays
Antioxidant assay methods are essential tools for evaluating the ability of substances to combat oxidative stress, a process linked to aging and various diseases. These methods assess different aspects of antioxidant activity, helping researchers quantify and compare the antioxidant potential of compounds. They contribute to our understanding of how antioxidants protect cells and guide the development of health-promoting products. These assays are integral to advancing research on oxidative stress and antioxidants' roles in maintaining cellular health and reducing disease risk.
  • 857
  • 11 Sep 2023
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