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Topic Review
Amyloidogenic Proteins and Peptides
For a long time, studies of amyloidogenic proteins and peptides (amyloidogenic PPs) have been focused basically on their harmful properties and association with diseases. A vast amount of research has investigated the structure of pathogenic amyloids forming fibrous deposits within or around cells and the mechanisms of their detrimental actions. Much less has been known about the physiologic functions and beneficial properties of amyloidogenic PPs.
  • 777
  • 02 May 2023
Topic Review
Post-Translational Modifications in Human NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1
Human NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (hNQO1) is a multifunctional and antioxidant stress protein whose expression is controlled by the Nrf2 signaling pathway. hNQO1 dysregulation is associated with cancer and neurological disorders. Recent works have shown that its activity is also modulated by different post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as phosphorylation, acetylation and ubiquitination, and these may synergize with naturally-occurring and inactivating polymorphisms and mutations.
  • 776
  • 26 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Viper Venom Phospholipase A2
Viper venom phospholipase A2 enzymes (vvPLA2s) and phospholipase A2-like (PLA2-like) proteins are two of the principal toxins in viper venom that are responsible for the severe myotoxic and neurotoxic effects caused by snakebite envenoming, among other pathologies. 
  • 776
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Normal and Aberrant MiRNA and Alternative Splicing Events
MiRNAs are short non-coding RNAs that play a central role in regulating RNA silencing and gene expression. Alternative splicing increases the diversity of the proteome by producing several different spliced mRNAs from a single gene for translation. MiRNA expression and alternative splicing events are rigorously regulated processes. Dysregulation of miRNA and splicing events promote carcinogenesis and drug resistance in cancers including breast, cervical, prostate, colorectal, ovarian and leukemia. Alternative splicing may change the target mRNA 3′UTR binding site.
  • 775
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
STAT3 and NRF2 in Tumors
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (NRF2, also known as NFE2L2), are two of the most complicated transcription regulators, which participate in a variety of physiological processes. Numerous studies have shown that they are overactivated in multiple types of tumors. Interestingly, STAT3 and NRF2 can also interact with each other to regulate tumor progression. Hence, these two important transcription factors are considered key targets for developing a new class of antitumor drugs.
  • 775
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Microtubule Regulation in Plant Cell Division
Microtubules (MTs) are essential elements of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton and are critical for various cell functions. During cell division, plant MTs form highly ordered structures, and cortical MTs guide the cell wall cellulose patterns and thus control cell size and shape. Both are important for morphological development and for adjusting plant growth and plasticity under environmental challenges for stress adaptation. Various MT regulators control the dynamics and organization of MTs in diverse cellular processes and response to developmental and environmental cues. 
  • 775
  • 17 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Strategies for Over-Expression of Human Membrane Transport Systems
Membrane proteins are crucial for life, because they allow the various body regions to communicate with each other. Ten percent of human genes encode for membrane transport systems, which are key components in maintaining cell homeostasis. They are involved in the transport of nutrients, catabolites, vitamins, and ions, allowing the absorption and distribution of these compounds to the various body regions. In addition, roughly 60% of FDA-approved drugs interact with membrane proteins, among which are transporters, often responsible for pharmacokinetics and side effects. Defects of membrane transport systems can cause diseases; however, knowledge of the structure/function relationships of transporters is still limited. 
  • 774
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Autophagy
The coronavirus disease pandemic, which profoundly reshaped the world in 2019 (COVID-19), has affected over 200 countries, caused over 500 million cumulative cases, and claimed the lives of over 6.4 million people worldwide as of August 2022. The causative agent is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Depicting this virus’ life cycle and pathogenic mechanisms, as well as the cellular host factors and pathways involved during infection, has great relevance for the development of therapeutic strategies. Autophagy is a catabolic process that sequesters damaged cell organelles, proteins, and external invading microbes, and delivers them to the lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy would be involved in the entry, endo, and release, as well as the transcription and translation, of the viral particles in the host cell.
  • 774
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Beneficial Effects of Carotenoids
In humans, the beneficial effects of carotenoids have been widely investigated, including protection against oxidative stress, beneficial properties for eyesight, UV protection for the skin, anticancer properties, the enhancement of cognitive function, and prevention against age-related degenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases (blood pressure), and obesity. Some carotenoids (i.e., β-carotene, α-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin) are precursors of vitamin A, a vitamin that, among other things, supports vision, immune function, development and growth, and reproduction.
  • 774
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Glycoconjugate Vaccine
Glycoconjugate vaccines have been one tool used to fight against diseases caused by a number of bacteria. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides) play important functional roles in bacteria. Glycoconjugate vaccines contain oligosaccharides that are attached to a carrier protein.
  • 773
  • 19 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Intratumor Heterogeneity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Challenges and Opportunities
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a leading cause of cancer-related death, but it remains difficult to treat. Intratumor genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity are inherent properties of breast, skin, lung, prostate, and brain tumors, and intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) helps define prognosis and therapeutic response in these cancers. Several recent studies estimate that ITH is inherent to HCC and attribute the clinical intractability of HCC to this heterogeneity.
  • 773
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Cold-Adapted Proteases
The modern biotechnology industry has a demand for macromolecules that can function in extreme environments. One example is cold-adapted proteases, possessing advantages such as maintaining high catalytic efficiency at low temperature and low energy input during production and inactivation. Meanwhile, cold-adapted proteases are characterised by sustainability, environmental protection, and energy conservation; therefore, they hold significant economic and ecological value regarding resource utilisation and the global biogeochemical cycle.
  • 773
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
CD44 Intracellular Domain
CD44 serves as a cell surface receptor for various extracellular matrix molecules, mainly hyaluronan, and messenger molecules, such as growth factors, and has important functions in normal and disease states, the predominant one being cancer. CD44 coordinates both structural and signaling events through its highly conserved intracellular domain. Although short and devoid of any enzymatic activity, the CD44 intracellular domain possesses structural motifs that promote the interactions with cytoplasmic effectors involved in important cellular pathways, including cell trafficking, transcription, and metabolism, which regulate cellular functions like growth, survival, differentiation, stemness, and therapeutic resistance.
  • 773
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Digital PCR for Single-Cell Analysis
Single-cell analysis provides an overwhelming strategy for revealing cellular heterogeneity and new perspectives for understanding the biological function and disease mechanism. Moreover, it promotes the basic and clinical research in many fields at a single-cell resolution. A digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) is an absolute quantitative analysis technology with high sensitivity and precision for DNA/RNA or protein. With the development of microfluidic technology, digital PCR has been used to achieve absolute quantification of single-cell gene expression and single-cell proteins. For single-cell specific-gene or -protein detection, digital PCR has shown great advantages. 
  • 773
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
SLO3
Sperm cells must undergo a complex maturation process after ejaculation to be able to fertilize an egg. One component of this maturation is hyperpolarization of the membrane potential to a more negative value. The ion channel responsible for this hyperpolarization, SLO3, was first cloned in 1998, and since then much progress has been made to determine how the channel is regulated and how its function intertwines with various signaling pathways involved in sperm maturation. 
  • 772
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
MicroRNAs in Nephrotic Syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome represents the clinical situation characterized by presence of massive proteinuria and low serum protein caused by a variety of diseases, including minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and membranous glomerulonephropathy. Differentiating between diagnoses requires invasive renal biopsies in general. Even with the biopsy, we encounter difficulties to differentiate MCNS and FSGS in some cases. There is no other better option currently available for the diagnosis other than renal biopsy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are no-coding RNAs of approximately 20 nucleotides in length, which regulate target genes in the post-transcriptional processes and have essential roles in many diseases. MiRNAs in serum and urine have been shown as non-invasive biomarkers in multiple diseases, including renal diseases.
  • 771
  • 07 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Role of Estrogen Receptor Status in PRODH/POX-Dependent Apoptosis/Survival
The estrogen receptor (ER) status and the availability of agonists or antagonists of these receptors determine the processes of growth, differentiation, and proliferation of breast cancer cells. Estrogens and anti-estrogenic compounds have been shown to influence breast cancer cell survival/apoptosis via action through the mitochondrial enzyme proline dehydrogenase/proline oxidase (PRODH/POX). 
  • 771
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
MiR-183-5p modulates cell adhesion in PrCa
Prostate cancer is a major health problem worldwide. MiR-183 is an oncomiR and a candidate biomarker in prostate cancer, affecting various pathways responsible for disease initiation and progression. Overall, cell adhesion was uncovered as a major pathway controlled by miR-183 in prostate cancer, and ITGB1 was identified as a relevant mediator of this effect.
  • 771
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Food Peptides, Gut Microbiota and Hypertension
The gut microbiota is a key element in the regulation of various human processes, including metabolisms, immunity, and the overall health. Hypertension, like other metabolic and chronic diseases, has several contributing factors, some of which have not been clarified. Known factors include diet, genetic inheritance, hormonal imbalance, and inflammation.
  • 771
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
The Hop2-Mnd1 Complex
The Hop2-Mnd1 complex was originally identified as a meiosis-specific factor that is indispensable for successful meiosis in budding yeast. Later, it was found that Hop2-Mnd1 is conserved from yeasts to humans, playing essential roles in meiosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that Hop2-Mnd1 promotes RecA-like recombinases towards homology search/strand exchange.
  • 771
  • 09 May 2023
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