You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Smart Clothing
Smart clothing can be defined as the intelligent system that senses and reacts to the changes and stimuli of the environment and the wearer’s conditions, such as electrical, thermal and magnetic ones. Smart clothing has various functions (e.g., protection, temperature regulation, monitoring, entertainment, expression of personality, etc.) and embodies many features (e.g., efficient, intelligent, computable, etc.), combining cutting-edge technologies in related fields such as electronic information, sensors and materials. Smart clothing has emerged to meet consumers’ personalized needs in healthcare, work, entertainment, etc., and has rapidly become a hotspot in the clothing industry and research field. However, as smart clothing gets popular, sustainability issues are becoming increasingly prominent during its development and circulation. 
  • 16.8K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
History and Development of Nanomaterial Research
Scientists think that nanoparticles and nanostructured materials originated during the Big Bang process from meteorites leading to the formation of the universe and Earth. Since 1990, the term nanotechnology became very popular due to advances in imaging technologies that paved the way to specific industrial applications. 
  • 13.6K
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Plastic Sand as a Construction Material
Plastic waste pollution poses a serious environmental concern. At the same time, the cement industry is among the biggest sources of CO2 emissions, which poses another environmental challenge. Plastic sand bricks could be a workable solution for combating issues related to solid waste. The compressive strength decreased with increasing ratios of plastic to sand. Plastic sand bricks weighed less than the conventional bricks.
  • 13.0K
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Rolling Circle Amplification
Rolling circle amplification (RCA) is an isothermal enzymatic process in which a short nucleic acid primer is amplified to form a long single-stranded nucleic acid using a circular template and special nucleic acid polymerases. Furthermore, this approach can be further engineered into a device for point-of-need monitoring of environmental pollutants.
  • 10.1K
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Lithium Recovery via Chemical Precipitation
Lithium is a vital raw material used for a wide range of applications, such as the fabrication of glass, ceramics, pharmaceuticals, and batteries for electric cars. The accelerating electrification transition and the global commitment to decarbonization have caused an increasing demand for lithium. The current supply derived from brines and hard rock ores is not enough to meet the global demand unless alternate resources and efficient techniques to recover this valuable metal are implemented. 
  • 9.8K
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Environmental Impacts of Livestock Production
Livestock production, as one of the oldest and most significant human activities, plays a vital role in fulfilling the global demand for human nutrition and other animal-related products while contributing to poverty reduction. However, it is also important to address the environmental impact of livestock animals.
  • 9.3K
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Different Composting Technologies
Organic waste management is a major global challenge. It accounts for a significant portion of waste that ends up in landfills, where it gradually decomposes and emits methane, a harmful greenhouse gas. Composting is the most preferred method for managing organic waste, as it applies to the masses, may not require significant areas, and of course, is capable of reducing the rate of the production of waste, while at the same time, producing valuable by-products, in the form of compost with potentially reducing the amount of greenhouse gas emissions, if done properly.
  • 9.2K
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES)
Deep eutectic solvent (DES) are a highly non-ideal mixture of two biodegradable components (HBA and HBD) associated with strong hydrogen bonding interactions. 
  • 8.9K
  • 08 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Carbon Emission Efficiency
Carbon emission efficiency is an important concept in environmental science; it refers to the economic benefits generated by production activities that produce carbon emissions at the same time. The less carbon emissions generated per unit of economic output, the more carbon emission efficient it is.
  • 8.2K
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Slow Sand Filtration for Raw Water Treatment
Filtration methods are traditional techniques of water purification used by mankind since ancient times. By filtering, water can be cleaned of sand, silt, turbidity, scale, and other suspended particles. Modern slow sand filters (SSFs) for water purification were first used in the 19th century in England. Therefore, they are often called English filters. The first slow filter was built by the English engineer James Simpson in 1829 in London to purify water from the river Thames.
  • 7.8K
  • 02 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)
Disposal of palm oil mill effluent (POME), which is highly polluting from the palm oil industry, needs to be handled properly to minimize the harmful impact on the surrounding environment.
  • 7.0K
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Black Soldier Fly Larvae Frass
Frass is a compost-like material and has the characteristics of immature compost. In a commercial context, black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) frass often refers to a mixture of primarily BSFL faeces, substrate residues, and shed BSFL exoskeletons. Schmitt and de Vries contended that frass is a mixture of uneaten feed materials, insect derivatives, such as skins and faeces, and a microbial population that carries out fermentation.
  • 7.0K
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Smart Waste Management and Classification Systems
Waste management requires necessary processes and activities to dominate from its inception to demolition. Waste comes in solid, liquid, or gaseous form, and every type of waste demands a different method of classification, disposal, and management. Waste management deals with every waste category, including household, organic, industrial, municipal, biomedical, organic, biological, and radioactive waste. Any unnecessary substance or substance with no use is called “waste”. Waste management involves the collection of the waste and its transport and disposal to appropriate locations. In the European Union (EUROPA), 423 million tons or 56% of domestic waste was recycled in 2016. Reports reflect the need for proper household waste management for the recycling process. Most of the Earth’s population will emigrate from rural to urban areas in the coming years. Therefore, bigger cities will require a highly sustainable infrastructure and smart waste management system to fulfill the fundamental needs of its citizens and provide them with a good service for the future.
  • 6.5K
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Malaysia Waste Management Practices
The three main municipalities of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Penang, and Melaka, were discussed in their actions in household waste management practices and strategies in social, economy, information technology, and governance to achieve success for a better sustainability of the environment.
  • 6.3K
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Cocoa By-Products
Theobroma cacao L., the cocoa-producing tree, belongs to the order of Malvales, family Malvaceae and genus Theobroma. Its name has Greek origins, Theos and Bromos, meaning “food of the gods”.
  • 6.2K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
A Sustainable Circular Plastics Economy in The Netherlands
The circular economy (CE) has become a key sustainability discourse in the last decade. The Netherlands seeks to become fully circular by 2050 and the EU has set ambitious circularity targets in its CE Action Plan of 2015. The plastics sector, in particular, has gained a lot of attention as it is a priority area of both the EU and Dutch CE policies. However, there has been little research on the different and often contested discourses, governance processes and policy mechanisms guiding the transition to a circular economy and society. There is thus a dominance of technocentric imaginaries, and a general lack of discussion on holistic, and transformative visions, which integrate the full social, political, and ecological implication of a circular future. 
  • 5.9K
  • 02 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Smart Glass
The term “smart window” was coined by Granqvist in 1985. From the early 1980s, smart glazing has been a rapidly developing innovative technology that is aimed to help manage energy transfer through the building’s envelope, evading unnecessary “cooling and heating of indoor air”. The use of smart glass, which helps to regulate the amount of light (and heat) entering a building, is one of the possible ways to reduce energy consumption in buildings while maintaining an appropriate level of comfort for users. Smart glass greatly influences the building envelope performance in (i) thermal management, (ii) daylight harvesting and regulation, (iii) reduction of glare, (iv) maintenance of views, (v) power capture, and finally (vi) activating the envelope as an information display. Some technologies are currently available on the market, although—in light of the many shortcomings of the existing solutions—smart glass is the subject of ongoing “intensive research aimed at improving the technology and its widespread use”.
  • 5.9K
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Medical Waste Classification and Management Processes
The term “medical waste”, mainly refers to the waste and by-products generated from hospitals and healthcare facilities, which are being produced in huge amounts. To be addressed properly, they need to be segregated and treated according to their properties, level of contamination, and danger to living organisms and the environment.
  • 5.6K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Innovative Industrial Use of Bamboo
Industrial and service development has led researchers to focus on non-conventional materials with significant roles in innovation development and implementation. Entrepreneurs aim to develop innovative and creative strategies using good, valuable, durable, and sustainable materials that serve industrial and economic development. As result, the use of natural construction and production materials has increased interest related to the desire of developing greener and/or environmentally friendly processes. Several natural, re-emerging materials used in the past (e.g., bamboo, straw, reeds, and hemp) have been found useful again and deserving of research to fully understand their potential for different applications. 
  • 5.5K
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Policy Evolution of Chinese New Energy Vehicle Industry
The Chinese new energy vehicle industry policy is divided into three development periods: 2004–2008—promotion policy and technological policy; 2009–2013—financial policy; and 2014–2020—charging infrastructure policy. 
  • 5.2K
  • 29 Jun 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 26
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback