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Topic Review
Intelligent Surfaces in the Terahertz Communication Channel Models
Terahertz (THz) band will play an important role in enabling sixth generation (6G) envisioned applications. Compared with lower frequency signals, THz waves are severely attenuated by the atmosphere temperature, pressure, and humidity. Thus, designing a THz communication system must take into account how to circumvent or diminish those issues to achieve a sufficient quality of service. Different solutions are being analyzed: intelligent communication environments, ubiquitous artificial intelligence, extensive network automation, and dynamic spectrum access, among others. 
  • 140
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Synthesis Methodologies of Topological Nanomaterials
The discovery of topological materials has opened up new areas in condensed matter physics. These materials are noted for their distinctive electronic properties, unlike conventional insulators and metals. This discovery has not only spurred new research areas but also offered innovative approaches to electronic device design. A key aspect of these materials is now that transforming them into nanostructures enhances the presence of surface or edge states, which are the key components for their unique electronic properties. Synthesis methods are discussed, including vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) growth, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and chemical conversion techniques. Moreover, the scaling down of topological nanomaterials has revealed new electronic and magnetic properties due to quantum confinement.
  • 398
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Hydrogen-Based Energy Systems
The current state of hydrogen as an energy vector is marked by its growing importance and recognition worldwide. Despite its still formidable challenges, once it achieves some maturity, it might be seen as a promising solution to address climate change, reduce emissions, and facilitate the transition towards a sustainable energy future. Collaborative international efforts highlight its significance. While challenges exist and these should not be underestimated, the momentum behind hydrogen suggests that policymakers all around the world see a promising future in the global energy transition towards a cleaner future for both developed and developing countries, and thus for the world.
  • 115
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Properties of Fibers
Fibers that are commonly used to reinforce the binding matrix in concrete are typically made of steel, basalt, carbon, polypropylene, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), glass, and natural fibers.
  • 196
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Plasmon-Assisted Molecular Catalysis
The utilization of plasmonic nanomaterials in catalytic technologies is an emerging research field with foreseeable applications in energy-catalytic technologies. On this front, the coupling of plasmonic nanomaterials with molecular catalysts is a newly approached, thus far unexploited field.
  • 134
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Energy Storage and Battery Management for Electrified Vehicles
The transport sector is tackling the challenge of reducing vehicle pollutant emissions and carbon footprints by means of a shift to electrified powertrains, i.e., battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). However, electrified vehicles pose new issues associated with the design and energy management for the efficient use of onboard energy storage systems (ESSs). Thus, strong attention should be devoted to ensuring the safety and efficient operation of the ESSs. In this framework, a dedicated battery management system (BMS) is required to contemporaneously optimize the battery’s state of charge (SoC) and to increase the battery’s lifespan through tight control of its state of health (SoH).
  • 127
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Machine Learning-Assisted Short-Wave InfraRed (SWIR) Techniques
Personalized medicine transforms healthcare by adapting interventions to individuals’ unique genetic, molecular, and clinical profiles. To maximize diagnostic and/or therapeutic efficacy, personalized medicine requires advanced imaging devices and sensors for accurate assessment and monitoring of individual patient conditions or responses to therapeutics. In the field of biomedical optics, short-wave infrared (SWIR) techniques offer an array of capabilities that hold promise to significantly enhance diagnostics, imaging, and therapeutic interventions. SWIR techniques provide in vivo information, which was previously inaccessible, by making use of its capacity to penetrate biological tissues with reduced attenuation and enable researchers and clinicians to delve deeper into anatomical structures, physiological processes, and molecular interactions. Combining SWIR techniques with machine learning (ML), which is a powerful tool for analyzing information, holds the potential to provide unprecedented accuracy for disease detection, precision in treatment guidance, and correlations of complex biological features, opening the way for the data-driven personalized medicine field. Despite numerous biomedical demonstrations that utilize cutting-edge SWIR techniques, the clinical potential of this approach has remained significantly underexplored. 
  • 137
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Palmprint Recognition
Palmprint recognition constitutes a pivotal biometric technology deployed in the identification and verification of individuals, relying on the distinctive patterns inherent in their palmprints. This method, known for its reliability and security, finds extensive applications in diverse fields, including access control, security systems, and forensic investigations. Palmprint image acquisition involves capturing high-quality palmprint images using various devices like cameras, scanners, or smartphones. These images are then subjected to preprocessing techniques, encompassing noise reduction, normalization, and enhancement, to ensure consistent submission despite any restrictions on the availability of materials and/or refined input data. Following preprocessing, relevant features are extracted, like minutiae points specific to an individual’s palm, ridges, and lines. These features are crucial for accurate identification and are obtained through advanced image processing methods.
  • 431
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Bubble Dynamics in Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis
Water electrolysis using a proton exchange membrane (PEM) holds substantial promise to produce green hydrogen with zero carbon discharge. Although various techniques are available to produce hydrogen gas, the water electrolysis process tends to be more cost-effective with greater advantages for energy storage devices. However, one of the challenges associated with PEM water electrolysis is the accumulation of gas bubbles, which can impair cell performance and result in lower hydrogen output. Achieving an in-depth knowledge of bubble dynamics during electrolysis is essential for optimal cell performance.
  • 289
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Renewable Energy Transition
The renewable energy transition of oil- and gas-producing countries has specific peculiarities due to the ambivalent position of these countries in the global energy market, both as producers and consumers of energy resources. This task becomes even more challenging when the share of oil and gas in the country’s GDP is very high. These circumstances pose serious challenges for long-term energy policy development and require compromising decisions to better align the existing and newly created energy policies of the country. The scale, scope, and pace of changes in the transition process must be well balanced, considering the increasing pressure of economic and environmental factors.
  • 131
  • 10 Jan 2024
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