Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Glutamine, a Versatile Precursor for Biosynthesis and Bioenergetics
Glutamine, one of the most abundant amino acids in the body, plays diverse roles in cellular metabolism, ranging from bioenergetics to the synthesis of nucleotides, glutathione (GSH), and various other non-essential amino acids.
  • 43
  • 21 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Oligonucleotide-Based Biosensors in Early Diagnosis of Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer (GC) remains a significant global health challenge, with late-stage diagnosis impacting treatment options and decreased survival rates. To address this, there has been a growing interest in the development of innovative screening and diagnostic methods. Nanobiosensors have undergone multiple iterations and unveiled remarkable features that pledge to reshape patient care. 
  • 108
  • 20 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Monoclonal Antibodies for Targeted Fluorescence-Guided Surgery
Due to their specificity, monoclonal antibodies have significantly impacted cancer patients’ care, becoming one of the fastest-growing classes of new drugs approved for the treatment of solid tumors. Targeted fluorescence-guided surgery is a novel technology to better visualize tumor residuals intraoperatively. It consists of a fluorescent molecular probe, that, once injected, lights up the neoplastic cells during the surgical resection. In this regard, the development of an off-the-shelf large-scale production of clinically approved, fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibodies for targeted fluorescence-guided surgery is becoming an urgent need for oncological surgeons working in this field.
  • 60
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Role of Somatic BRCA Mutation in Solid Tumors
Ten percent of patients with breast cancer, and probably somewhat more in patients with ovarian cancer, have inherited germline DNA mutations in the breast and ovarian cancer genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. In the remaining cases, the disease is caused by acquired somatic genetic and epigenetic alterations. Targeted therapeutic agents, such as poly ADP-ribose polymerases (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi), have emerged in treating cancers associated with germline BRCA mutations since 2014. The first PARPi was FDA-approved initially for ovarian cancer patients with germline BRCA mutations. Deleterious variants in the BRCA1/BRCA2 genes and homologous recombination deficiency status have been strong predictors of response to PARPi in a few solid tumors since then.
  • 50
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Cancer Cachexia and Dysregulated Phosphate Metabolism
A diet high in phosphorus fed to mice deficient in klotho, a cofactor that regulates phosphate metabolism, accelerates aging, sarcopenia, general organ atrophy, kyphosis, and osteoporosis. Similar effects are seen in phenotypes of mutant p53 mice that overexpress the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Although mutant p53 mice do not develop tumors compared to wild-type mice, mutant p53 mice have shorter mean lifespans. Furthermore, tumorigenesis is associated with the sequestration of excessive inorganic phosphate, and dangerous levels of phosphate are released into circulation during tumor lysis syndrome. In total, this evidence implies that tumorigenesis may be a compensatory mechanism that provides protective effects against systemic exposure to dysregulated phosphate metabolism and phosphate toxicity related to cachexia in cancer. 
  • 53
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Phosphate Toxicity Associated with Tumorigenesis and Obesity
Phosphate toxicity, the accumulation of excess phosphate in the body from dysregulated phosphate metabolism, is associated with tumorigenesis. High levels of hormones that regulate phosphate metabolism, such as parathyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factor 23, are also associated with obesity, providing a potential link between obesity and phosphate toxicity. Increased dietary intake of inorganic phosphate is linked to excessive consumption of foods processed with phosphate additives, and consumption of ultra-processed foods is associated with an increase in the incidence of obesity.
  • 52
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in BRAF Mutant Cancers
BRAF (B-Raf, B-rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma) mutations are clinically relevant in melanoma, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), colorectal carcinoma (CRC), and other cancers. Patients suffering from BRAF mutant cancers are experiencing a considerably poor prognosis. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), which are prominent anticancer drug targets in their own right, play a crucial role in the development of drug resistance to BRAF inhibitors and the reactivation of MAPK/ERK signal transduction, as well as the establishment of bypassing signaling pathways.
  • 107
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Cytokine Responses in Solid-Tumors Therapy
Precision cancer medicine primarily aims to identify individual patient genomic variations and exploit vulnerabilities in cancer cells to select suitable patients for specific drugs. These genomic features are commonly determined by gene sequencing prior to therapy, to identify individuals who would be most responsive. This precision approach in cancer therapeutics remains a powerful tool that benefits a smaller pool of patients, sparing others from unnecessary treatments. A limitation of this approach is that proteins, not genes, are the ultimate effectors of biological functions, and therefore the targets of therapeutics. An additional dimension in precision medicine that considers an individual’s cytokine response to cancer therapeutics is proposed. Cytokine responses to therapy are multifactorial and vary among individuals. Thus, precision is dictated by the nature and magnitude of cytokine responses in the tumor microenvironment exposed to therapy. 
  • 46
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Somatostatin in Colorectal Cancer
Somatostatin, a somatotropin release inhibiting factor (SST, SRIF), is a widely distributed multifunctional cyclic peptide and acts through a transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor (SST1-SST5). Over the past decades, research has begun to reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer activity of this hormonal peptide.
  • 60
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Biological Markers of High-Risk Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has seen significant advances in treatment, yet children classified as high-risk still face challenging outcomes. Traditionally, the severity of ALL was assessed using basic clinical information at diagnosis, but now a deeper understanding of specific biological markers—such as molecular profiles, genetic variations, and immune system characteristics—has become crucial. These markers are not just keys to understanding the disease’s mechanisms, but also indicators of how it may progress and respond to treatment. For instance, the development of drugs like tyrosine kinase inhibitors can be used to target high-risk leukemia with certain genetic mutations. By focusing on the intricacies of high-risk childhood ALL, research is paving the way for more personalized and precise treatments, offering hope for better management of this complex disease.
  • 76
  • 12 Mar 2024
  • Page
  • of
  • 256
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Feedback