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Topic Review
Bispecific Antibodies in Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide according to the World Health Organization. Non-small cell lung cancer makes up the majority of cases. Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and other molecular targeted agents significantly changed the treatment landscape and overall survival. Unfortunately, resistance to these treatments develops, and there is a need to identify additional innovative therapies that can overcome treatment resistance. Advancements in biomedical engineering and technology allowed for the development of novel agents, capable of delivering effective treatment directly to tumor cells. These agents include antibody drug conjugates and bispecific antibodies which have various targets and mechanisms of action.
  • 428
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Dopamine and Related Drugs as Anti-Inflammatories and Antioxidants
Dopamine (DA), its derivatives, and dopaminergic drugs are compounds widely used in the management of diseases related to the nervous system. However, DA receptors have been identified in nonneuronal tissues, which has been related to their therapeutic potential in pathologies such as sepsis or septic shock, blood pressure, renal failure, diabetes, and obesity, among others. In addition, DA and dopaminergic drugs have shown anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in different kinds of cells. 
  • 478
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Signaling Mechanism of Remote Postconditioning of the Heart
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains the leading cause of mortality in the world, highlighting an urgent need for the development of novel, more effective approaches for the treatment of AMI. Remote postconditioning (RPost) of the heart could be a useful approach. It was demonstrated that RPost triggers infarct size reduction, improves contractile function of the heart in reperfusion, mitigates apoptosis, and stimulates autophagy in animals with coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. Endogenous opioid peptides and adenosine could be involved in RPost. It was found that kinases and NO-synthase participate in RPost. KATP channels, MPT pore, and STAT3 could be hypothetical end-effectors of RPost. 
  • 237
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Diagnosis and Treatment of Sleep Apnea in Children
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children is a prevalent, but still, today, underdiagnosed illness, which consists of repetitive episodes of upper airway obstruction during sleep with important repercussions for sleep quality. OSA has relevant consequences in the pediatric population, mainly in the metabolic, cardiovascular (CV), and neurological spheres. However, contrary to adults, advances in diagnostic and therapeutic management have been scarce in the last few years despite the increasing scientific evidence of the deleterious consequences of pediatric OSA. The problem of underdiagnosis and the lack of response to treatment in some groups make an update to the management of OSA in children necessary. Probably, the heterogeneity of OSA is not well represented by the classical clinical presentation and severity parameters (apnea/hypopnea index (AHI)), and new strategies are required. A specific and consensus definition should be established. Additionally, the role of simplified methods in the diagnosis algorithm should be considered. Finally, the search for new biomarkers for risk stratification is needed in this population. In conclusion, new paradigms based on personalized medicine should be implemented in this population. 
  • 588
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Asthma-Polycystic Ovary Overlap Syndrome
Asthma is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease characterized by abnormalities in immune response. Due to the inherent complexity of the disease and the presence of comorbidities, asthma control is often difficult to obtain. In asthmatic patients, an increased prevalence of irregular menstrual cycles, infertility, obesity, and insulin resistance has been reported.
  • 440
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Mediators of Hepatotoxicity from Excess of Lipids
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently the leading cause of chronic liver disease in Western countries; the molecular mechanisms leading to NAFLD are only partially understood and there are no effective therapeutic interventions. The prevalence of liver disease is constantly increasing in industrialized countries due to a number of lifestyle variables, including excessive caloric intake, unbalanced diet, lack of physical activity, and abuse of hepatotoxic medicines. 
  • 314
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics in Gastrointestinal Diseases
Functional gastrointestinal diseases (FGIDs) are characterized by recurring gastrointestinal symptoms, including abdominal pain, vomiting or constipation, that can ultimately cause non-optimal development, disrupt digestion or create lifelong or mortal complications. Scientific evidence suggests that both gastrointestinal diseases (GIDs) and FGIDs are related to gut microbial dysbiosis, gastrointestinal motility disturbance, visceral hypersensitivity, as well as impairment of mucosal immune function and central nervous system processing. Based on this, the use of probiotic bacteria, mainly those strains belonging to Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and probiotic yeast such as Saccharomyces, have emerged as potential therapeutic agents in GIDs.
  • 346
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Sport and Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cause of hospital admission among all arrhythmias in the general population. Moreover, AF represents the most common arrhythmia in the athletic population as well. The complex but fascinating relationship between sport and atrial fibrillation has not yet been fully clarified. Although the benefits of moderate physical activity in controlling cardiovascular risk factors and in reducing the risk of atrial fibrillation have been widely demonstrated, some concerns have been raised about the potential adverse effects of physical activity. Endurance activity in middle-aged men athletes appears to increase the risk of AF. Several different physiopathological mechanisms may explain the increased risk of AF in endurance athletes, including the imbalance of the autonomic nervous system, changes in left atrial size and function and presence of atrial fibrosis.
  • 232
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
4D-Flow Imaging in Aortic Valve Disease
The development of abnormal blood flow has been demonstrated to be due to a variety of pathological causes, such as atherosclerotic plaque or valvular disease. Traditionally, cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has provided high-quality imaging of the heart with its surrounding structures. 4D-flow imaging is an advanced cardiac MR imaging technique that allows fluid hemodynamics to be measured non-invasively in patients. As a growing field in radiology, its adaptation and clinical use remain underutilized. 
  • 340
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Biological and Genetic Mechanisms of COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most prevalent chronic adult diseases, with significant worldwide morbidity and mortality. Although long-term tobacco smoking is a critical risk factor for this global health problem, its molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Several phenomena are thought to be involved in the evolution of emphysema, including airway inflammation, proteinase/anti-proteinase imbalance, oxidative stress, and genetic/epigenetic modifications. Furthermore, COPD is one main risk for lung cancer (LC), the deadliest form of human tumor; formation and chronic inflammation accompanying COPD can be a potential driver of malignancy maturation.
  • 333
  • 21 Jun 2023
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