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Topic Review
Contribution of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein to AIDS
In the absence of antiviral therapy, HIV-1 infection progresses to a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that are the result of an entangled contribution of host, immune and viral factors. The contribution of these factors is not completely established. Several investigations have described the involvement of the immune system in the viral control. In addition, distinct HLA-B alleles, HLA-B27, -B57-58, were associated with infection control. The combination of these elements and antiviral host restriction factors results in different clinical outcomes. 
  • 325
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Lymphatic System
Lymphedema is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of protein-rich fluid within the interstitium, resulting in swelling of the affected area. It can manifest as primary lymphedema when it results from a structural or developmental defect in the lymphatic system, or as secondary lymphedema, which is due to iatrogenic causes.
  • 295
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Coronary Artery Disease Pathophysiology in End-Stage Renal Disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients and during the first year after transplantation. Besides the traditional cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, tobacco use, family history), in CKD patients non-traditional risk factors play an important role in CAD pathophysiology.
  • 219
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Dissecting Microbiome-Derived SCFAs in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) continues to be the most diagnosed cancer and the second primary cause of fatalities in men globally. There is an abundance of scientific evidence suggesting that the human microbiome, together with its metabolites, plays a crucial role in carcinogenesis and has a significant impact on the efficacy of anticancer interventions in solid and hematological cancers.
  • 278
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
TP53 Regulation of Cell Survival and Apoptosis
The new biological interaction cross-section-based repairable–homologically repairable (RHR) damage formulation for radiation-induced cellular inactivation, repair, misrepair, and apoptosis was applied to optimize radiation therapy. This new formulation accurately describing the cell survival and apoptosis and implies renewed thinking about biologically optimized radiation therapy, suggesting that most TP53 intact normal tissues are low-dose hypersensitive (LDHS) and low-dose apoptotic (LDA). This generates a fractionation window in LDHS normal tissues, indicating that the maximum dose to organs at risk should be ≤2.3 Gy/Fr, preferably of low LET. This calls for biologically optimized intensity modulated treatments using a few high tumor dose photon or light ion beams, preferably lithium to boron ion thereby avoiding secondary cancer risks and generating true tumor cure without risk for caspase-3-induced accelerated tumor cell repopulation.
  • 161
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Butterflies and Ribbons in Multiple Gestation
In neonatology, multiple pregnancies are common. Unfortunately, it is not rare for one baby to die. Communication with parents in these circumstances has been demonstrated to be sub-optimal. Formal training programs for clinicians in NICUs, using either the Butterfly or Ribbon approaches, should be routinely offered. 
  • 252
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Alopecia Associated with Antiseizure Medication
The mainstay of treatment for epilepsy is antiseizure medications (ASMs). Approximately 70% of individuals with epilepsy obtain seizure freedom with adequate ASMs therapy. Adverse effects of antiseizure medications (ASMs) remain one of the major causes of non-adherence. Cosmetic side effects (CSEs) are among the most commonly reported side effects of ASMs. Alopecia is one of the CSEs that has a high intolerance rate leading to poor therapeutical compliance. 
  • 345
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Hyperbaric Oxygen in Restoring Host Homeostasis
Sepsis and septic shock continue to be a leading cause of death worldwide. Sepsis was previously thought to be an overwhelming, systemic, proinflammatory response to infection, which was followed by a phase of immunosuppression. New paradigms suggest that the proinflammatory and immunosuppression phases occurs simultaneously, and the pathophysiology begind the disease complex is not only explained by the pathogen’s type, load and virulence, but to a large extend also by host’s dysregulated response to infection. Many of these dysregulated host immune responses that occurs in sepsis are also targets of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) treatment. HBO2 treatment has been shown to improve survival in clinical studies on patients with necrotizing soft tissue infections as well as experimental sepsis models. Inflammation and oxygen-sensing pathways are connected on the cellular level in a self-reinforcing and detrimental manner in inflammatory conditions, which may be interrupted when intervening with HBO2 treatment. HBO2 treatment acts to maintain homeostasis by protecting the host from collateral tissue damage during resistance to infection by reducing neutrophil extracellular traps, inhibiting neutrophil adhesion to vascular endothelium, reducing proinflammatory cytokines, and halting the Warburg effect, while also aiding the host in tolerance to infection by reducing iron-mediated injury and upregulating anti-inflammatory measures.
  • 334
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Ocular Manifestations of COVID-19
Since its emergence in early 2020, the SARS-CoV-2 infection has had a significant impact on the entire eye care system. Ophthalmologists have been categorized as a high-risk group for contracting the virus due to the belief that the eye may be a site of inoculation and transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. 
  • 216
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Stroma in Photodynamic Therapy
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest solid malignancies, with a five-year survival of less than 10%. The resistance of the disease and the associated lack of therapeutic response is attributed primarily to its dense, fibrotic stroma, which acts as a barrier to drug perfusion and permits tumour survival and invasion. As clinical trials of chemotherapy (CT), radiotherapy (RT), and targeted agents have not been successful, improving the survival rate in unresectable PDAC remains an urgent clinical need. Photodynamic stromal depletion (PSD) is a recent approach that uses visible or near-infrared light to destroy the desmoplastic tissue. Preclinical evidence suggests this can resensitise tumour cells to subsequent therapies whilst averting the tumorigenic effects of tumour–stromal cell interactions. So far, the pre-clinical studies have suggested that photodynamic therapy (PDT) can successfully mediate the destruction of various stromal elements without increasing the aggressiveness of the tumour. 
  • 231
  • 01 Sep 2023
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