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Topic Review
Mismatch Repair Deficiency in Endometrial Cancer
Among the four endometrial cancer (EC) TCGA molecular groups, the MSI/hypermutated group represents an important percentage of tumors (30%), including different histotypes, and generally confers an intermediate prognosis for affected women, also providing new immunotherapeutic strategies. Immunohistochemistry for MMR proteins (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2) has become the optimal diagnostic MSI surrogate worldwide. 
  • 242
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Polymersomes in Drug Delivery Systems
Polymersomes are artificial nanoparticles formed by the self-assembly process of amphiphilic block copolymers composed of hydrophobic and hydrophilic blocks. They can encapsulate hydrophilic molecules in the aqueous core and hydrophobic molecules within the membrane. The composition of block copolymers can be tuned, enabling control of characteristics and properties of formed polymersomes and, thus, their application in areas such as drug delivery, diagnostics, or bioimaging. The preparation methods of polymersomes can also impact their characteristics and the preservation of the encapsulated drugs. Due to the shortcomings related to the stability, efficacy, and safety of some therapeutics in the human body, polymersomes as drug delivery systems have been good candidates to improve the quality of therapies against a wide range of diseases, including cancer. Chemotherapy and immunotherapy can be improved by using polymersomes to deliver the drugs, protecting and directing them to the exact site of action.
  • 175
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Vaccines to Treat Substance Use Disorders
Addiction, particularly in relation to psychostimulants and opioids, persists as a global health crisis with profound social and economic ramifications. Traditional interventions, including medications and behavioral therapies, often encounter limited success due to the chronic and relapsing nature of addictive disorders. Consequently, there is significant interest in the development of innovative therapeutics to counteract the effects of abused substances. In recent years, vaccines have emerged as a novel and promising strategy to tackle addiction. Anti-drug vaccines are designed to stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies that bind to addictive compounds, such as nicotine, cocaine, morphine, methamphetamine, and heroin. These antibodies effectively neutralize the target molecules, preventing them from reaching the brain and eliciting their rewarding effects. By obstructing the rewarding sensations associated with substance use, vaccines aim to reduce cravings and the motivation to engage in drug use. Although anti-drug vaccines hold significant potential, challenges remain in their development and implementation. The reversibility of vaccination and the potential for combining vaccines with other addiction treatments offer promise for improving addiction outcomes.
  • 169
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Diabetic Keratopathy
Diabetes mellitus, the most prevalent endocrine disorder, not only impacts the retina but also significantly involves the ocular surface. Diabetes contributes to the development of dry eye disease and induces morphological and functional corneal alterations, particularly affecting nerves and epithelial cells. These changes manifest as epithelial defects, reduced sensitivity, and delayed wound healing, collectively encapsulated in the context of diabetic keratopathy. In advanced stages of this condition, the progression to corneal ulcers and scarring further unfolds, eventually leading to corneal opacities. This critical complication hampers vision and carries the potential for irreversible visual loss. 
  • 150
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Central and Peripheral Nervous System Complications in AFD
Fabry disease (FD) is a recessive monogenic disease linked to chromosome X due to more than two hundred mutations in the alfa-galactosidase A (GLA) gene. In Anderson–Fabry disease (AFD), deficiency of the enzyme alfa-galactosidase A (α-GalA) leads to an abnormal buildup of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), which is associated with end-organ damage, progressive organ failure, and subsequent clinical manifestations.
  • 166
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in the Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be a useful tool in the management of disease processes such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as treatment decisions are often complex and multifaceted. AI applications in medicine are expanding with the ongoing advances in AI including more sophisticated machine learning and deep learning processes.
  • 173
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Corpse Decomposition Process and Postmortem Interval
Lipids play a critical role in biology since they act mainly as a source of energy reserve, and they are part of some structural elements, being the main constituent of most membranes, such as in the case of the nuclear membrane and the membrane of some organelles. They have other essential functions, such as participation in specific processes including cell signaling, material transport, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, metabolism, and thermoregulation. Although lipids are essential for carrying out various processes in the body, they could also cause certain diseases when deregulation occurs.
  • 152
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Lysophosphatidic Acid
Extracellular lysophospholipids (lysophosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidylcholine, sphingosine 1-phosphate, etc.), which are synthesized from phospholipids in the cell membrane, act as lipid mediators, and mediate various cellular responses in constituent cells in the respiratory system, such as contraction, proliferation, migration, and cytoskeletal organization. In addition to these effects, the expression of the adhesion molecules is enhanced by these extracellular lysophospholipids in pulmonary endothelial cells. These effects are exerted via specific G protein-coupled receptors. 
  • 274
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Role of Midkine in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Midkine (MDK) is a multifunctional secreted protein that can act as a cytokine or growth factor regulating multiple signaling pathways and being implicated in fundamental cellular processes, such as survival, proliferation, and migration. Although its expression in normal adult tissues is barely detectable, MDK serum levels are found to be elevated in several types of cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 
  • 116
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Multiplex PCR in Severe Bacterial Pneumonia Management
Pneumonia is a common and severe illness that requires prompt and effective management. Advanced, rapid, and accurate tools are needed to diagnose patients with severe bacterial pneumonia, and to rapidly select appropriate antimicrobial therapy, which must be initiated within the first few hours of care. Two multiplex molecular tests, Unyvero HPN and FilmArray Pneumonia+ Panel, have been developed using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) technique to rapidly identify pathogens and their main antibiotic resistance mechanisms from patient respiratory specimens. Performance evaluation of these tests showed strong correlations with reference techniques.
  • 178
  • 25 Jan 2024
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