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Topic Review
Intra and Post-Operative Graft Quality Assessment
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is the gold standard procedure for multi vessels and left main coronary artery disease. The prognosis and survival outcomes of CABG surgery are highly dependent on the patency of the bypass graft. Early graft failure which can occur during or soon after CABG remains a significant issue, with reported incidences of 3–10%. Graft failure can lead to refractory angina, myocardial ischemia, arrhythmias, low cardiac output, and fatal cardiac failure, emphasizing the importance of ensuring graft patency during and after surgery to prevent such complications. Technical errors during anastomosis are among the leading causes of early graft failure.
  • 361
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
T2D Risk in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are at increased risk for dysglycemia and type 2 diabetes compared to healthy BMI-matched women of reproductive age.
  • 399
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Role of PD-L1 in Hematopoietic and Organ Transplant
One major limitation shared by hematopoietic cellular therapies and solid organ transplantation is the occurrence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and graft failure, respectively. In both cases, an overactive immune system targets and destroys functional tissue, similar to autoimmune diseases. Promising targets for future immunotherapy include the interaction of programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) with PD-1 or CD-80, which play a role in regulating T cells. Studies have shown that overexpression of PD-L1 in GVHD models improves survival and reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Similarly, stimulating PD-L1 during organ transplantation prolongs the graft’s lifespan and reduces rejection rates. 
  • 354
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Focal Cortical Dysplasia in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Patients with tuberous sclerosis complex present with cognitive, behavioral, and psychiatric impairments, such as intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorders, and drug-resistant epilepsy. It has been shown that these disorders are associated with the presence of cortical tubers. Tuberous sclerosis complex results from inactivating mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes, resulting in hyperactivation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, which regulates cell growth, proliferation, survival, and autophagy. TSC1 and TSC2 are classified as tumor suppressor genes and function according to Knudson’s two-hit hypothesis, which requires both alleles to be damaged for tumor formation. However, a second-hit mutation is a rare event in cortical tubers. This suggests that the molecular mechanism of cortical tuber formation may be more complicated and requires further research.
  • 494
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Myocarditis
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium caused by infectious or non-infectious agents. It can lead to serious short-term and long-term sequalae, such as sudden cardiac death or dilated cardiomyopathy. Due to its heterogenous clinical presentation and disease course, challenging diagnosis and limited evidence for prognostic stratification, myocarditis poses a great challenge to clinicians. As it stands, the pathogenesis and etiology of myocarditis is only partially understood.
  • 349
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Urinary Tract Infections
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections worldwide, occurring in both community and healthcare settings. Although the clinical symptoms of UTIs are heterogeneous and range from uncomplicated (uUTIs) to complicated (cUTIs), most UTIs are usually treated empirically. Bacteria are the main causative agents of these infections, although more rarely, other microorganisms, such as fungi and some viruses, have been reported to be responsible for UTIs.
  • 854
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Bispecific Antibodies in Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide according to the World Health Organization. Non-small cell lung cancer makes up the majority of cases. Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and other molecular targeted agents significantly changed the treatment landscape and overall survival. Unfortunately, resistance to these treatments develops, and there is a need to identify additional innovative therapies that can overcome treatment resistance. Advancements in biomedical engineering and technology allowed for the development of novel agents, capable of delivering effective treatment directly to tumor cells. These agents include antibody drug conjugates and bispecific antibodies which have various targets and mechanisms of action.
  • 444
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Dopamine and Related Drugs as Anti-Inflammatories and Antioxidants
Dopamine (DA), its derivatives, and dopaminergic drugs are compounds widely used in the management of diseases related to the nervous system. However, DA receptors have been identified in nonneuronal tissues, which has been related to their therapeutic potential in pathologies such as sepsis or septic shock, blood pressure, renal failure, diabetes, and obesity, among others. In addition, DA and dopaminergic drugs have shown anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in different kinds of cells. 
  • 515
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Signaling Mechanism of Remote Postconditioning of the Heart
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains the leading cause of mortality in the world, highlighting an urgent need for the development of novel, more effective approaches for the treatment of AMI. Remote postconditioning (RPost) of the heart could be a useful approach. It was demonstrated that RPost triggers infarct size reduction, improves contractile function of the heart in reperfusion, mitigates apoptosis, and stimulates autophagy in animals with coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. Endogenous opioid peptides and adenosine could be involved in RPost. It was found that kinases and NO-synthase participate in RPost. KATP channels, MPT pore, and STAT3 could be hypothetical end-effectors of RPost. 
  • 250
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Diagnosis and Treatment of Sleep Apnea in Children
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children is a prevalent, but still, today, underdiagnosed illness, which consists of repetitive episodes of upper airway obstruction during sleep with important repercussions for sleep quality. OSA has relevant consequences in the pediatric population, mainly in the metabolic, cardiovascular (CV), and neurological spheres. However, contrary to adults, advances in diagnostic and therapeutic management have been scarce in the last few years despite the increasing scientific evidence of the deleterious consequences of pediatric OSA. The problem of underdiagnosis and the lack of response to treatment in some groups make an update to the management of OSA in children necessary. Probably, the heterogeneity of OSA is not well represented by the classical clinical presentation and severity parameters (apnea/hypopnea index (AHI)), and new strategies are required. A specific and consensus definition should be established. Additionally, the role of simplified methods in the diagnosis algorithm should be considered. Finally, the search for new biomarkers for risk stratification is needed in this population. In conclusion, new paradigms based on personalized medicine should be implemented in this population. 
  • 618
  • 21 Jun 2023
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