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Topic Review
The Structures of Anti-Inflammatory SMs from NPs
Natural products (NPs) have played a vital role in human survival for millennia, particularly for their medicinal properties. Inflammation, derived from the Latin word “inflammation”, is a biological response activated by disruptions to tissue structures from various stimuli, which is commonly indicated as acute or chronic, depending on the response nature and resolution ability. SMs sourced from NPs offer the potential bioactive drug lead compounds.
  • 345
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Mitochondria in the Central Nervous System Disorder
Mitochondria, the energy suppliers of the cells, play a central role in a variety of cellular processes essential for survival or leading to cell death. Consequently, mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in numerous general and central nervous system (CNS) disorders. The clinical manifestations of mitochondrial dysfunction include metabolic disorders, dysfunction of the immune system, tumorigenesis, and neuronal and behavioral abnormalities.
  • 163
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Thymus Surgery in Myasthenia Gravis
The thymus is a lymphoid organ involved in the differentiation of T cells, and has a central role in the physiopathogenesis of Myasthenia Gravis (MG). This connection is proved by a series of changes in the level of neuromuscular junctions, which leads to a decrease in the amplitude of the action potential in the post-synaptic membrane. Because of this, the presence of anti-cholinergic receptor antibodies (AChR), characteristic of MG, is found, which causes the progressive regression of the effect of acetylcholine at the level of neuromuscular junctions, with the appearance of muscle weakness. The thymectomy is a surgical variant of drug therapy administered to patients with MG. In the case of patients with nonthymomatous MG, thymectomy has become a therapeutic standard, despite the fact that there is no solid scientific evidence to explain its positive effect. Videothoracoscopic surgery or robotic surgery led to a decrease in the length of hospital stay for these patients.
  • 220
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Pleural Mesothelioma
Pleural mesothelioma (PM) is a type of cancer that is highly related to exposure to asbestos fibers. It shows aggressive behavior, and the current therapeutic approaches are usually insufficient to change the poor prognosis. Moreover, apart from staging and histological classification, there are no validated predictors of its response to treatment or its long-term outcomes. Numerous studies have investigated minimally invasive biomarkers in pleural fluid or blood to aid in earlier diagnosis and prognostic assessment of PM.
  • 137
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Neuroendocrine Tumors in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome/Acute Lung Injury
The mortality rate of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is still very high, and the remission and treatment of ARDS are still the focus of research. The causes of acute respiratory distress syndrome are varied, with pneumonia and non-pulmonary sepsis being the most common. Trauma and blood transfusion can also cause acute respiratory distress syndrome. In ARDS, the accumulation and infiltration of neutrophils in the lungs have a great influence on the development of the disease. Neutrophils regulate inflammatory responses through various pathways, and neutrophils release via neutrophilic extracellular traps (NETs) is considered to be one of the most important mechanisms.
  • 169
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
ATR Pathway as a Therapeutic Target for Cancer
The DNA damage response (DDR) system is a complicated network of signaling pathways that detects and repairs DNA damage or induces apoptosis. Critical regulators of the DDR network include the DNA damage kinases ataxia telangiectasia mutated Rad3-related kinase (ATR) and ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM). The ATR pathway coordinates processes such as replication stress response, stabilization of replication forks, cell cycle arrest, and DNA repair. ATR inhibition disrupts these functions, causing a reduction of DNA repair, accumulation of DNA damage, replication fork collapse, inappropriate mitotic entry, and mitotic catastrophe. Data have shown that the inhibition of ATR can lead to synthetic lethality in ATM-deficient malignancies. In addition, ATR inhibition plays a significant role in the activation of the immune system by increasing the tumor mutational burden and neoantigen load as well as by triggering the accumulation of cytosolic DNA and subsequently inducing the cGAS-STING pathway and the type I IFN response. 
  • 127
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Autocrine IGF-II-Associated Cancers
The paraneoplastic syndrome referred in the literature as non-islet-cell tumor hypoglycemia (NICTH) and extra-pancreatic tumor hypoglycemia (EPTH) was first reported almost a century ago, and the role of cancer-secreted IGF-II in causing this blood glucose-lowering condition has been widely established. The landscape emerging, based on molecular and cellular findings, supports a broader role for IGF-II in cancer biology beyond its involvement in the paraneoplastic syndrome. In particular, a few key findings are constantly observed during tumorigenesis, (a) a relative and absolute increase in fetal insulin receptor isoform (IRA) content, with (b) an increase in IGF-II high-molecular weight cancer-variants (big-IGF-II), and (c) a stage-progressive increase in the IGF-II autocrine signal in the cancer cell, mostly during the transition from benign to malignant growth. An increasing and still under-exploited combinatorial pattern of the IGF-II signal in cancer is shaping up in the literature with respect to its transducing receptorial system and effector intracellular network. Interestingly, while surgical and clinical reports have traditionally restricted IGF-II secretion to a small number of solid malignancies displaying paraneoplastic hypoglycemia, a retrospective literature analysis, along with publicly available expression data from patient-derived cancer cell lines conveyed in the present perspective, clearly suggests that IGF-II expression in cancer is a much more common event, especially in overt malignancy.
  • 114
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Glioblastoma Therapy with mRNA-Based Immunotherapies and Oncolytic Viruses
Glioblastoma multiforme (here termed GBM), one of the most aggressive and lethal primary brain tumors, poses a significant challenge in the field of neuro-oncology. The use of mRNA-based immunotherapies that leverage the genomes of oncolytic viruses holds significant promise in addressing glioblastoma (GBM), an exceptionally aggressive neurological tumor. 
  • 101
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Radiological Diagnostic Approach and Spinal Cord Tumor
Differentiating neoplastic from non-neoplastic spinal cord pathologies may be challenging due to overlapping clinical and radiological features. Spinal cord tumors, which comprise only 2–4% of central nervous system tumors, are rarer than non-tumoral myelopathies of inflammatory, vascular, or infectious origins. The risk of neurological deterioration and the high rate of false negatives or misdiagnoses associated with spinal cord biopsies require a cautious approach.
  • 257
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Aortic Elasticity and Cardiovascular Risk Stratification
Cardiovascular risk stratification is a cornerstone of preventive cardiology, aiming to identify individuals at a higher risk for adverse events. In line with this, aortic elastic properties have gained recognition as crucial indicators of vascular health and predictors of cardiovascular outcomes.
  • 144
  • 08 Mar 2024
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