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Topic Review
The Medicinal Chemistry of Artificial Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids play a central role in human biology, making them suitable and attractive tools for therapeutic applications. While conventional drugs generally target proteins and induce transient therapeutic effects, nucleic acid medicines can achieve long-lasting or curative effects by targeting the genetic bases of diseases.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Aug 2022
Topic Review
The Market of Antibody–Drug Conjugates
The cytotoxic effect and therapeutic window of mAbs by constructing antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), in which the targeting moiety is the mAb that is linked to a highly toxic drug. According to a report from mid of last year, the global ADCs market accounted for USD 1387 million in 2016 and was worth USD 7.82 billion in 2022. It is estimated to increase in value to USD 13.15 billion by 2030. One of the critical points is the linkage of any substituent to the functional group of the mAb. Increasing the efficacy against cancer cells’ highly cytotoxic molecules (warheads) are connected biologically. The connections are completed by different types of linkers, or there are efforts to add biopolymer-based nanoparticles, including chemotherapeutic agents.
  • 441
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Mammalian Thioredoxin Reductase Probes
The cardinal component of the thioredoxin system, mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) plays a vital role in supporting various physiological functions; however, its malfunction, disrupting redox balance, is intimately associated with the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. Fluorescent probes offer several advantages for in situ imaging and the quantification of biological targets, such as non-destructiveness, real-time analysis, and high spatiotemporal resolution. These benefits facilitate the transition from a poise to a flux understanding of cellular targets, further advancing scientific studies in related fields. The TrxR fluorescent probes have contributed significantly to the investigation of TrxR’s biological functions and have been valuable tools in TrxR-related research.
  • 153
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
The Lifetime of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have emerged as a promising technology for various applications owing to their advantages, including low-cost fabrication, flexibility, and compatibility. However, a limited lifetime hinders the practical application of OLEDs in electronic devices. OLEDs are prone to degradation effects during operation, resulting in a decrease in device lifetime and performance. 
  • 419
  • 29 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Lewis Acid System
Cycloketones can be oxidized to lactones using molecular oxygen, peroxy acids, or hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant. Hydrogen peroxide is one of the environmental oxidants. Because of the weak oxidation ability of hydrogen peroxide, Bronsted acids and Lewis acids are used as catalysts to activate hydrogen peroxide or the carbonyl of ketones to increase the nucleophilic performance of hydrogen peroxide. The catalytic mechanisms of Bronsted acids and Lewis acids differ in the Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of cyclohexanone with an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant.
  • 402
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The Jahn-Teller Effects
The fundamental property of a polyatomic system to undergo spontaneous symmetry breaking was first formulated by L. Landau in 1934 as follows: the configuration of any nonlinear polyatomic system in a degenerate electronic state undergoes spontaneous distortions that remove the degeneracy. This groundbreaking idea, appended with proof, was published by H. Jahn and E. Teller, resulting in what is presently known as the Jahn-Teller effect (JTE). Since then, many extensions of this groundbreaking idea were revealed and developed. Presently, four types of electronic structures that lead to spontaneous symmetry breaking are revealed: in addition to electronic degeneracy resulting in the proper Jahn-Teller effect, two or more close in energy (pseudodegenerate) electronic states may lead to similar instability and distortions, called the pseudo-JTE (PJTE), and the same spontaneous distortion effects may take place when there is neither degeneracy, nor pseudodegeneracy in the fground state of the high-symmetry configuration, but a strong JTE or pseudo-JTE take place in a low-lying excited state, that penetrates the ground state, distorting the system; these are the hidden -JTE and hidden-PJTE, respectively.
  • 866
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
The Insulin Receptor
The insulin receptor (IR) is a transmembrane protein that is activated by ligands in insulin signaling pathways. The IR has been considered as a novel therapeutic target for clinical intervention, considering the overexpression of its protein and A-isoform in multiple cancers, Alzheimer’s disease, and Type 2 diabetes mellitus in humans. Meanwhile, it may also serve as a potential target in pest management due to its multiple physiological influences in insects.
  • 693
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
The Hydrophobic Effects
Hydrophobic interactions are involved in and believed to be the fundamental driving force of many chemical and biological phenomena in aqueous environments.
  • 686
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Hydrodeoxygenation of Lignin-Derived Fractions
Lignocellulosic biomass is a raw material used for the production of bio-oils and black liquors. These biomass-derived fractions offer promising paths for the production of valuable chemical products. Various catalytic methods have been investigated for upgrading the biomass-derived fractions. Researchers are interested in the hydrodeoxygenation process (HDO); in this process, the oxygen groups are eliminated by breaking the C-O bonds and water as a product. Crucial factors influencing this optimization include temperature, hydrogen pressure, catalyst selection, and physicochemical attributes of the catalyst itself, such as the surface area, porosity, and acid–base properties. However, the intrinsic nature of lignin requires careful investigation. The chemical structural network of this biopolymer is significantly influenced by factors such as plant species and extraction process. Understanding and accounting for these variables are imperative for tailoring processes that efficiently harness the potential of lignin and its derivatives.
  • 175
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
The Genus Lagochilus (Lamiaceae)
The genus Lagochilus (Lamiaceae) is native to Central, South-Central, and Eastern Asia. 
  • 774
  • 29 Jan 2021
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