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Topic Review
Andromeda
Andromeda, named after the mythical princess in Greek mythology, is one of the 88 constellations officially recognized by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Located in the northern celestial hemisphere, Andromeda is renowned for hosting the Andromeda Galaxy (M31), the closest spiral galaxy to our own Milky Way, making it a captivating subject for both amateur stargazers and professional astronomers alike.
  • 360
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Deep Learning and Human Monkeypox
The DNA virus responsible for monkeypox, transmitted from animals to humans, exhibits two distinct genetic lineages in central and eastern Africa. Beyond the zoonotic transmission involving direct contact with the infected animals’ bodily fluids and blood, the spread of monkeypox can also occur through skin lesions and respiratory secretions among humans. Both monkeypox and chickenpox involve skin lesions and can also be transmitted through respiratory secretions, but they are caused by different viruses. The key difference is that monkeypox is caused by an orthopox-virus, while chickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus.
  • 93
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Permanent Magnets and How They Dictated History
The most efficient electric motor is a permanent-magnet synchronous motor. Their efficiency makes them popular for drive motors, power steering, stop-start motors, and regenerative braking generators. These motors use permanent magnets based on rare-earth elements (REEs), in particular neodymium-iron-boron (Nd-Fe-B) and samarium-cobalt (Sm-Co), because of their high maximum energy product (BH)max (a measure of the magnet’s performance), which is needed for the high efficiency and the high resistance to demagnetization. But there are still some challenges and gaps in their performance and application.
  • 369
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Nuanced Concept of the Evanescent Field Ratio
Photonic sensors utilize light–matter interaction to detect physical parameters accurately and efficiently. They exploit the interaction between photons and matter, with light propagating through an optical waveguide, creating an evanescent field beyond its surface. This field interacts with the surrounding medium, enabling the sensitive detection of changes in the refractive index or nearby substances. By modulating light properties like intensity, wavelength, or phase, these sensors detect target substances or environmental changes. Advancements in this technology enhance sensitivity, selectivity, and miniaturization, making photonic sensors invaluable across industries. Their ability to facilitate sensitive, non-intrusive, and remote monitoring fosters the development of smart, connected systems. 
  • 99
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Historical Solar Eclipses and Implications in Celestial Mechanics
Solar and lunar eclipses are indeed the first astronomical phenomena which have been recorded since very early antiquity. Their periodicities gave birth to the first luni-solar calendars based on the Methonic cycle since the sixth century before Christ. 
  • 301
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Hierarchical Nanobiosensors
Nanostructures have played a key role in the development of different techniques to attack severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Some applications include masks, vaccines, and biosensors. The latter are of great interest for detecting diseases since some of their features allowed us to find specific markers in secretion samples such as saliva, blood, and even tears.
  • 136
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Types of Membrane Transporters in Plants
Membrane transporters are proteins that mediate the entry and exit of substances through the plasma membrane and organellar membranes and are capable of recognizing and binding to specific substances, thereby facilitating substance transport. Membrane transporters are divided into different types, e.g., ion transporters, sugar transporters, amino acid transporters, and aquaporins, based on the substances they transport. These membrane transporters inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation through ion regulation, sugar and amino acid transport, hormone induction, and other mechanisms. They can also promote enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions in plants, activate antioxidant enzyme activity, and promote ROS scavenging. Moreover, membrane transporters can transport plant growth regulators, solute proteins, redox potential regulators, and other substances involved in ROS metabolism through corresponding metabolic pathways, ultimately achieving ROS homeostasis in plants.
  • 141
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Microstructured Optical Fibers in Ultrafast Optics
With the development of laser technology, microstructured optical fibers (MOFs) have become an important part of ultrafast optics, providing excellent platforms for ultrafast laser pulse generation, amplification, and compression, promoting the development of fiber laser systems to generate high power, high pulse energy, and few-cycle duration pulses.
  • 213
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Cancer Metastasis from Physical Perspective
Tumor diseases become a huge problem when they embark on a path that advances to malignancy, such as the process of metastasis. Cancer metastasis has been thoroughly investigated from a biological perspective in the past, whereas it has still been less explored from a physical perspective. Until now, the intraluminal pathway of cancer metastasis has received the most attention, while the interaction of cancer cells with macrophages has received little attention. Apart from the biochemical characteristics, tumor treatments also rely on the tumor microenvironment, which is recognized to be immunosuppressive and, as has recently been found, mechanically stimulates cancer cells and thus alters their functions.
  • 211
  • 09 Feb 2024
Topic Review Video
Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater
At a great many locations worldwide, the safety of drinking water is endangered by pollution with arsenic. Arsenic toxicity is a matter of both systems chemistry and systems biology: it is determined by complex and intertwined networks of chemical reactions in the inanimate environment, in microbes in that environment, and in the human body.
  • 248
  • 31 Jan 2024
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