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Topic Review
Biological Experimental Setup Using Engineering Tools
Despite their diminutive neural systems, insects exhibit sophisticated adaptive behaviors in diverse environments. An insect receives various environmental stimuli through its sensory organs and selectively and rapidly integrates them to produce an adaptive motor output. Living organisms commonly have this sensory-motor integration, and attempts have been made to elucidate this mechanism biologically and reconstruct it through engineering.
  • 120
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Sustainable Innovations in Mulberry Vinegar Production
Mulberry is renowned for its medicinal properties and bioactive compounds, yet its high moisture content renders it highly perishable and challenging to transport over long distances. This inherent limitation to its shelf life poses sustainability challenges due to potential food waste and the increased carbon footprint associated with transportation. To address this issue sustainably, mulberry vinegar emerges as a biotechnological solution. Utilizing a fermented mixture of crushed mulberries, sugar, and mixed acid, transforms the highly perishable raw material into a more stable product. However, conventional methods of mulberry vinegar production often involve heat-intensive processing, which poses environmental concerns and energy inefficiencies.
  • 202
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Production of Fungal Xylanases
Lignocellulose is the most abundant and renewable plant resource and its utilisation for biotechnological applications has increased over the past few years. Xylan is the second most abundant carbohydrate in plant cell walls that is composed of β-1,4-d-xylopyranosyl units connected with glycosidic bonds. Fungal xylanases degrade this complex structure of xylan present in lignocellulosic substrates. Lignocellulosic biomass is the most economical substrate for the production of fungal xylanases. Fungal xylanases are produced in submerged and solid state fermentations using lignocellulosic biomass as substrates. Production of fungal xylanases is affected by physical and chemical parameters. The bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to industrially important products, i.e., xylooligosaccharides and biofuels, is possible via the application of fungal xylanases. These enzymes also play a key role in enhancing the nutrition and the bio-bleaching of paper and kraft pulp.
  • 202
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Human Adipose Stem Cells in Bone Tissue Engineering
Adipose stem cells (ASCs) have multilineage differentiation capacity and hold great potential for regenerative medicine. Compared to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (bmMSCs), ASCs are easier to isolate from abundant sources with significantly higher yields. It is generally accepted that bmMSCs show age-related changes in their proliferation and differentiation potentials, whereas this aspect is still controversial in the case of ASCs.
  • 117
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Heart Failure
Heart failure (HF) is marked by dampened cardiac contractility. A mild therapeutic target that improves contractile function without desensitizing the β-Adregenric system during HF may improve cardiac contractility and potentially survival. Inhibiting PKCα activity may fit the criteria of the therapeutic target with milder systemic effects that still boosts contractility in HF patients. PKCα activity has been observed to increase during HF. This increase in PKCα activity is perplexing because it is also accompanied by the up-regulation of a molecular braking mechanism.
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Role of extracellular Tat in HIV Pathogenesis
Each time the virus starts a new round of expression/replication, even under effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), the transactivator of viral transcription Tat is one of the first HIV-1 protein to be produced, as it is strictly required for HIV replication and spreading. At this stage, most of the Tat protein exits infected cells, accumulates in the extracellular matrix and exerts profound effects on both the virus and neighbor cells, mostly of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Through these effects, extracellular Tat contributes to the acquisition of infection, spreading and progression to AIDS in untreated patients, or to non-AIDS co-morbidities in ART-treated individuals, who experience inflammation and immune activation despite virus suppression.
  • 214
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Role of POMC Derivatives in Cardiovascular Function
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a significant contributor to CVD-related mortality. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for MI. Stress activates the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis), sympathetic nervous system (SNS), and endogenous OPS. These pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) derivatives increase the blood glucose and cardiovascular response by inhibiting the PI3K/AkT insulin signaling pathway and increasing cardiac contraction. Sustained activation of the POMC derivatives may lead to developing myocardial infarction. Suffering from T2DM and stress increases the risk of developing CVD. T2DM is preceded by prediabetes, which is a state of blood glucose level being above normal but below the level of T2DM diagnosis. Research has shown that T2DM-related complications begin during prediabetes; therefore, there is a possibility of the dysregulation of the POMC derivatives during prediabetes and pathways that could lead to myocardial infarction.
  • 139
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Techniques for Emulsion Characterization
Emulsions have garnered significant attention within a variety of industries, including pharmaceuticals, food production, and cosmetics. The importance of emulsions across these sectors is attributed to their versatility and unique properties, such as increased interfacial area and the ability to deliver compounds insoluble in water or to mask the flavor of unpalatable ingredients. A comprehensive and precise assessment of the physicochemical properties, structural features, and stability of emulsions is an indispensable phase in the pursuit of new formulations and the improvement of manufacturing protocols. The characterization of emulsions encompasses an array of methodologies designed to determine their attributes, such as composition, texture, rheological and thermal properties, electrical conductivity, droplet size, size distribution, concentration, surface charge, and others.
  • 558
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Laboratory Tools to Predict CFTR Modulator Effectiveness
The implementation of cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator drugs into clinical practice has been attaining remarkable therapeutic outcomes for CF, a life-threatening autosomal recessive genetic disease. However, there is elevated CFTR allelic heterogeneity, and various individuals carrying (ultra)rare CF genotypes remain without any approved modulator therapy. Novel translational model systems based on individuals’ own cells/tissue are now available and can be used to interrogate in vitro CFTR modulator responses and establish correlations of these assessments with clinical features, aiming to provide prediction of therapeutic effectiveness.
  • 159
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
HILIC on Poly-Hydroxyl Stationary Phases in Protein-Rich-Food Supplements
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides are essential sources of dietary energy. In the food industry, certain monosaccharides like glucose, galactose, and fructose, and disaccharides like lactose, sucrose, and maltose, are known for their sweet taste. With the increasing prevalence of public health issues such as obesity and diabetes, it is essential to increase consumer awareness about sugar consumption and monitor the intake of processed foods.
  • 198
  • 14 Feb 2024
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