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Topic Review
Microbiota and Glucidic Metabolism
The global prevalence of overweight and obesity has dramatically increased in the last few decades, with a significant socioeconomic burden. 
  • 300
  • 12 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Cytogenetic Abnormalities of Extramedullary Multiple Myeloma
Extramedullary multiple myeloma (or extramedullary disease, EMD) is an aggressive form of multiple myeloma (MM) that occurs when malignant plasma cells become independent of the bone marrow microenvironment. This may occur alongside MM diagnosis or in later stages of relapse and confers an extremely poor prognosis. In the era of novel agents and anti-myeloma therapies, the incidence of EMD is increasing, making this a more prevalent and challenging cohort of patients. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms of bone marrow escape and EMD driver events is increasingly urgent. 
  • 331
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Role of Epigenetics in Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterised by high levels of blood glucose resulting from a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a decrease in insulin secretion, and an increase in glucose production by the liver. Epigenetic changes have been shown to influence these factors through changes in changes in gene expression patterns.
  • 591
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Metalloproteinases of Social Determinants of Health
There are three main families of metalloproteinases (MPs) that are involved in human health and disease: (1) the “matrix metalloproteinase” (MMP) family, (2) the “a disintegrin and metalloprotease” (ADAM) family, and (3) the “a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs” (ADAMTS) family. MPs are relevant to public health because of their role in several diseases and, most of all, their role as biomarkers that also impact the quality of life and the psychosocial dimension of affected patients. In this context, new pathways to precision health and precision medicine have been opened in the area of MPs. 
  • 340
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Kinases/Protein Phosphatases in Signaling Pathways Activation
Optimizing physical training regimens to increase muscle aerobic capacity requires an understanding of the internal processes that occur during exercise that initiate subsequent adaptation. During exercise, muscle cells undergo a series of metabolic events that trigger downstream signaling pathways and induce the expression of many genes in working muscle fibers. There are a number of studies that show the dependence of changes in the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), one of the mediators of cellular signaling pathways, on the duration and intensity of single exercises. The activity of various AMPK isoforms can change in different directions, increasing for some isoforms and decreasing for others, depending on the intensity and duration of the load.
  • 354
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Signs of Androgen Receptor-Negative Disease
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been the mainstay of prostate cancer (PCa) treatment, with success in developing more effective inhibitors of androgen synthesis and antiandrogens in clinical practice. However, hormone deprivation and AR ablation have caused an increase in ADT-insensitive PCas associated with a poor prognosis. Resistance to ADT arises through various mechanisms, and most castration-resistant PCas still rely on the androgen axis, while others become truly androgen receptor (AR)-independent. 
  • 357
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Measurement Techniques for Soil Organic Matter Assessment
Parameters that determine soil organic matter (SOM) status, soil health, and functions are generally difficult to measure directly. Therefore, they are evaluated by deriving indicators that correlate with soil conditions. Soil condition indicators may be chemical, physical, or biological, and can be either descriptive or quantitative. Descriptive indicators are qualitative and are used in the field, while quantitative indicators are assessed by laboratory analytical procedures. Because total soil organic matter is often not sensitive enough to small and short-term changes due to its complexity levels and background, some studies have recommended using soil organic matter fractions (sub-pools) as more sensitive indicators to detect even small changes over a short period of time. These fractions or sub-pools have been classified by various researchers based on their formation, levels, and ease of decomposition. They include labile, less-stable, and stable fractions. The most labile fraction can decompose in less than a year or two, while the actively decomposing fraction, including partially stabilized organic material from plants and microbial metabolites, may have a turnover of up to 26 years. There is also a chemically stabilized and resistant fraction with a radiocarbon age of up to 2500 years. Quantitative analysis of SOM can be performed using various parameters, including oxidation kinetics, lability, carbon management index, humification degree, humification index, and humification ratio. On the other hand, qualitative evaluation of SOM can involve techniques such as oxidizability, high-performance size-exclusion chromatography, electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, visual examination, smell, assessment of microorganism content, plant growth, cation exchange capacity, type of organic material, and decomposition. These techniques and parameters provide valuable insights into the characteristics and transformation of SOM, enabling a comprehensive understanding of its dynamics. Evaluating SOM dynamics is of utmost importance as it is a determining factor for soil health, fertility, organic matter stability, and sustainability. Therefore, developing SOM models and other assessment techniques based on soil properties, environmental factors, and management practices can serve as a tool for sustainable management. Long-term or extensive short-term experimental data should be used for modeling to obtain reliable results, especially for quantitative SOM transformation analysis, and changes in the quality and quantity of SOM should be considered when developing sustainable soil management strategies.
  • 368
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Relationship between Vitamin D and Estrogens
Vitamin D has a potential role of regulating many cellular functions. The totality of vitamin D transport depends on the activity of vitamin D binding protein (DBP) and albumin in a measure of 85% and 15%, respectively. Vitamin D is found in the free circulating form in percentages ranging from 0.01% to 3%. Both DBP and albumin are synthesized by the liver, and their production is regulated by estrogens, glucocorticoids, and inflammatory cytokines.
  • 304
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
HERV-K Modulates the Immune Response in ALS Patients
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects both lower motor neurons in brainstem and spinal cord and upper motor neurons in motor cortex. 
  • 307
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Hypothalamus and the Brainstem in Health and Obesity
The hypothalamus and brainstem are critical components of the homeostatic system that regulates appetite and energy balance. These key brain regions comprise of distinct neuronal populations and nuclei which exerts tremendous control over several facets of energy balance. Importantly, several of these neuronal populations exhibit both overlapping and also contrasting metabolic roles, thereby enabling the CNS to fine tune metabolic functions under physiological conditions.
  • 377
  • 11 Jul 2023
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