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Topic Review
The Crayfish Plague Pathogen Aphanomyces astaci in Ireland
Crayfish plague is a devastating disease of European freshwater crayfish and is caused by the oomycete Aphanomyces astaci (A. astaci), believed to have been introduced to Europe around 1860. All European species of freshwater crayfish are susceptible to the disease, including the white-clawed crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes. A. astaci is primarily spread by North American crayfish species and can also disperse rapidly through contaminated wet gear moved between water bodies. This spread, coupled with competition from non-indigenous crayfish, has drastically reduced and fragmented native crayfish populations across Europe. Remarkably, the island of Ireland remained free from the crayfish plague pathogen for over 100 years, providing a refuge for A. pallipes. However, this changed in 1987 when a mass mortality event was linked to the pathogen, marking its introduction to the region. 
  • 154
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Environmental Stress-Induced Anthocyanin Accumulation in Plants
Plants have evolved complicated defense and adaptive systems to grow in various abiotic stress environments such as drought, cold, and salinity. Anthocyanins belong to the secondary metabolites of flavonoids with strong antioxidant activity in response to various abiotic stress and enhance stress tolerance. Anthocyanin accumulation often accompanies the resistance to abiotic stress in plants to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). 
  • 135
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
MSC-EV-microRNAome in Sepsis and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are complex and heterogeneous syndromes for which no specific therapies exist. Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) administration significantly reduces tissue inflammation and remodeling, improves pathogen clearance, and reduces morbidity and mortality in multiple preclinical models of sepsis and acute lung injury (ALI, the animal corollary to ARDS) 
  • 129
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Types of Cultivation in Greenhouses
Greenhouse cultivation includes two types: conventional and hydroponic (cultivation substrate in soil, and cultivation substrate in water-based nutrient solution, respectively). Greenhouse cultivation systems have garnered substantial attention due to their ability to create a controlled environment for crop growth, resulting in higher yields, improved quality, and reduced water usage. 
  • 185
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Biological Experimental Setup Using Engineering Tools
Despite their diminutive neural systems, insects exhibit sophisticated adaptive behaviors in diverse environments. An insect receives various environmental stimuli through its sensory organs and selectively and rapidly integrates them to produce an adaptive motor output. Living organisms commonly have this sensory-motor integration, and attempts have been made to elucidate this mechanism biologically and reconstruct it through engineering.
  • 105
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Sustainable Innovations in Mulberry Vinegar Production
Mulberry is renowned for its medicinal properties and bioactive compounds, yet its high moisture content renders it highly perishable and challenging to transport over long distances. This inherent limitation to its shelf life poses sustainability challenges due to potential food waste and the increased carbon footprint associated with transportation. To address this issue sustainably, mulberry vinegar emerges as a biotechnological solution. Utilizing a fermented mixture of crushed mulberries, sugar, and mixed acid, transforms the highly perishable raw material into a more stable product. However, conventional methods of mulberry vinegar production often involve heat-intensive processing, which poses environmental concerns and energy inefficiencies.
  • 172
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Production of Fungal Xylanases
Lignocellulose is the most abundant and renewable plant resource and its utilisation for biotechnological applications has increased over the past few years. Xylan is the second most abundant carbohydrate in plant cell walls that is composed of β-1,4-d-xylopyranosyl units connected with glycosidic bonds. Fungal xylanases degrade this complex structure of xylan present in lignocellulosic substrates. Lignocellulosic biomass is the most economical substrate for the production of fungal xylanases. Fungal xylanases are produced in submerged and solid state fermentations using lignocellulosic biomass as substrates. Production of fungal xylanases is affected by physical and chemical parameters. The bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to industrially important products, i.e., xylooligosaccharides and biofuels, is possible via the application of fungal xylanases. These enzymes also play a key role in enhancing the nutrition and the bio-bleaching of paper and kraft pulp.
  • 177
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Human Adipose Stem Cells in Bone Tissue Engineering
Adipose stem cells (ASCs) have multilineage differentiation capacity and hold great potential for regenerative medicine. Compared to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (bmMSCs), ASCs are easier to isolate from abundant sources with significantly higher yields. It is generally accepted that bmMSCs show age-related changes in their proliferation and differentiation potentials, whereas this aspect is still controversial in the case of ASCs.
  • 100
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Heart Failure
Heart failure (HF) is marked by dampened cardiac contractility. A mild therapeutic target that improves contractile function without desensitizing the β-Adregenric system during HF may improve cardiac contractility and potentially survival. Inhibiting PKCα activity may fit the criteria of the therapeutic target with milder systemic effects that still boosts contractility in HF patients. PKCα activity has been observed to increase during HF. This increase in PKCα activity is perplexing because it is also accompanied by the up-regulation of a molecular braking mechanism.
  • 1.5K
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Role of extracellular Tat in HIV Pathogenesis
Each time the virus starts a new round of expression/replication, even under effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), the transactivator of viral transcription Tat is one of the first HIV-1 protein to be produced, as it is strictly required for HIV replication and spreading. At this stage, most of the Tat protein exits infected cells, accumulates in the extracellular matrix and exerts profound effects on both the virus and neighbor cells, mostly of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Through these effects, extracellular Tat contributes to the acquisition of infection, spreading and progression to AIDS in untreated patients, or to non-AIDS co-morbidities in ART-treated individuals, who experience inflammation and immune activation despite virus suppression.
  • 202
  • 17 Feb 2024
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