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Topic Review
Progress in Research on CYC-like Genes in Fabaceae
CYCLOIDEA (CYC)-like genes belong to the TCP transcription factor family and play important roles associated with flower development. The CYC-like genes in the CYC1, CYC2, and CYC3 clades resulted from gene duplication events. The CYC2 clade includes the largest number of members that are crucial regulators of floral symmetry. To date, studies on CYC-like genes have mainly focused on plants with actinomorphic and zygomorphic flowers, such as Fabaceae species, and the effects of CYC-like gene duplication events and diverse spatiotemporal expression patterns on flower development. The Fabaceae species are diverse in floral symmetry and are suitable for exploring the evolution and underlying mechanism of floral symmetry. 
  • 822
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Hypothalamus and the Brainstem in Health and Obesity
The hypothalamus and brainstem are critical components of the homeostatic system that regulates appetite and energy balance. These key brain regions comprise of distinct neuronal populations and nuclei which exerts tremendous control over several facets of energy balance. Importantly, several of these neuronal populations exhibit both overlapping and also contrasting metabolic roles, thereby enabling the CNS to fine tune metabolic functions under physiological conditions.
  • 822
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
NF-κB as CRC Promising Biomarkers
From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), colorectal cancer (CRC), also known as bowel cancer, refers to cancers that originate in the colon or rectum. This is further defined by the positioning of the cancer, dictating whether it is termed colon cancer or rectum cancer. Biomarkers play an important role in the early diagnosis and targeted treatment of CRC. Biomarkers of CRC can be widely characterized into two major groups: diagnostic and clinical biomarkers. NF-κB comprises a family of five transcription factors that regulate the expression of a variety of genes involved in several biological processes. These processes include inflammation, cellular development and differentiation, cell cycle progression, cell migration and so on. As a major nexus of inflammation and cancer, NF-κB signaling has been reported to be extensively implicated in CRC progression. From the formation of polyps to the development of an invasive adenocarcinoma, NF-κB has been shown to play a role in multiple stages of malignancy development in the colon.
  • 821
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
DNA Supercoiling and Genomic Sequence Organization
The bacterial growth cycle was described  as a closed, self-reproducing, or autopoietic circuit, reestablishing the physiological state of stationary cells initially inoculated in the growth medium. In batch culture, this process of self-reproduction is associated with the gradual decline in available metabolic energy and corresponding change in the physiological state of the population as a function of “travelled distance” along the autopoietic path. This directional alteration of cell physiology is both reflected in and supported by sequential gene expression along the chromosomal OriC-Ter axis. During the E. coli growth cycle, the spatiotemporal order of gene expression is established by coupling the temporal gradient of supercoiling energy to the spatial gradient of DNA thermodynamic stability along the chromosomal OriC-Ter axis.
  • 821
  • 15 Aug 2022
Topic Review
AMD and the Complement System
Wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD) is characterized by choroidal neovascularization (CNV), and it is the leading cause of blindness affecting elderly in the Western world. AMD is a complex disease that has strong associations with the complement system. All three initiating complement pathways may be relevant in CNV formation, but most evidence indicates a major role for the alternative pathway (AP) and for the terminal complement complex, as well as certain complement peptides generated upon complement activation. Since the complement system is associated with AMD and CNV, a complement inhibitor may be a therapeutic option for patients with wAMD. The aim of the review is to (i) reflect on the possible complement targets in the context of wAMD pathology, (ii) investigate the results of prior clinical trials with complement inhibitors for wAMD patients, and (iii) outline important considerations when developing a future strategy for the treatment of wAMD.
  • 820
  • 22 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy
Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using Olax scandens shows the potential application as drug delivery system along with fluorescence properties and anticancer, as well as antibacterial, activity.
  • 820
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Pentapeptide Repeat Proteins
The pentapeptide repeat protein (PRP) superfamily, identified in 1998, has grown to nearly 39,000 sequences from over 3300 species. PRPs, recognized as having at least eight contiguous pentapeptide repeats (PRs) of a consensus pentapeptide sequence, adopt a remarkable structure, namely, a right-handed quadrilateral β-helix with four consecutive PRs forming a single β-helix coil. Adjacent coils join together to form a β-helix “tower” stabilized by β-ladders on the tower faces and type I, type II, or type IV β-turns facilitating an approximately −90° redirection of the polypeptide chain joining one coil face to the next. PRPs have been found in all branches of life, but they are predominantly found in cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria have existed on earth for more than two billion years and are thought to be responsible for oxygenation of the earth’s atmosphere. Filamentous cyanobacteria such as Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120 may also represent the oldest and simplest multicellular organisms known to undergo cell differentiation on earth.
  • 819
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Alum Pickering Emulsion to Improve Malaria Vaccine Efficacy
Malaria is a life-threatening global epidemic disease and has caused more than 400,000 deaths in 2019. To control and prevent malaria, the development of a vaccine is a potential method. An effective malaria vaccine should either combine antigens from all stages of the malaria parasite’s life cycle, or epitopes of multiple key antigens due to the complexity of the Plasmodium parasite. Malaria’s random constructed antigen-1 (M.RCAg-1) is one of the recombinant vaccines, which was selected from a DNA library containing thousands of diverse multi-epitope chimeric antigen genes. Moreover, besides selecting an antigen, using an adjuvant is another important procedure for most vaccine development procedures. Freund’s adjuvant is considered an effective vaccine adjuvant for malaria vaccine, but it cannot be used in clinical settings because of its serious side effects. Traditional adjuvants, such as alum adjuvant, are limited by their unsatisfactory immune effects in malaria vaccines, hence there is an urgent need to develop a novel, safe and efficient adjuvant. In recent years, Pickering emulsions have attracted increasing attention as novel adjuvant. In contrast to classical emulsions, Pickering emulsions are stabilized by solid particles instead of surfactant, having pliability and lateral mobility. In this study, we selected aluminum hydroxide gel (termed as “alum”) as a stabilizer to prepare alum-stabilized Pickering emulsions (ALPE) as a malaria vaccine adjuvant. In addition, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) as an immunostimulant was incorporated into the Pickering emulsion (ALMPE) to further enhance the immune response. In vitro tests showed that, compared with alum, ALPE and ALMPE showed higher antigen load rates and could be effectively endocytosed by J774a.1 cells. In vivo studies indicated that ALMPE could induce as high antibody titers as Freund’s adjuvant. The biocompatibility study also proved ALMPE with excellent biocompatibility. These results suggest that ALMPE is a potential adjuvant for a malaria vaccine. 
  • 819
  • 02 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Insights into N-Glycanase 1
The cytosolic PNGase (peptide:N-glycanase), also known as peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl)-asparagine amidase, is a well-conserved deglycosylation enzyme (EC 3.5.1.52) which catalyzes the non-lysosomal hydrolysis of an N(4)-(acetyl-β-d-glucosaminyl) asparagine residue (Asn, N) into a N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminyl-amine and a peptide containing an aspartate residue (Asp, D). This enzyme (NGLY1) plays an essential role in the clearance of misfolded or unassembled glycoproteins through a process named ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Accumulating evidence also points out that NGLY1 deficiency can cause an autosomal recessive (AR) human genetic disorder associated with abnormal development and congenital disorder of deglycosylation.
  • 819
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Lysine Crotonylation in DNA Damage Response
The DNA damage response (DDR) system plays an important role in maintaining genome stability and preventing related diseases. The DDR network comprises many proteins and posttranslational modifications (PTMs) to proteins, which work in a coordinated manner to counteract various genotoxic stresses. Lysine crotonylation (Kcr) is a newly identified PTM occurring in both core histone and non-histone proteins in various organisms. This novel PTM is classified as a reversible acylation modification, which is regulated by a variety of acylases and deacylases and the intracellular crotonyl-CoA substrate concentration. Kcr links cellular metabolism with gene regulation and is involved in numerous cellular processes.
  • 819
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Protein- and Peptide-Based Chemical Conjugates
The complexity of molecular entities being advanced for therapeutic purposes has continued to evolve. A main propellent fueling innovation is the perpetual mandate within the pharmaceutical industry to meet the needs of novel disease areas and/or delivery challenges. As new mechanisms of action are uncovered, and as our understanding of existing mechanisms grows, the properties that are required and/or leveraged to enable therapeutic development continue to expand.
  • 819
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Transcription Factor 21 and Chicken Adipocyte Differentiation
Transcription factor 21 (TCF21) could promote chicken preadipocytes differentiation at least in part via activating MAPK/JNK pathway. 
  • 818
  • 21 Dec 2021
Topic Review
TOR–PKA Interactions
TOR and PKA signaling are the major growth-regulatory nutrient-sensing pathways in S. cerevisiae. A number of experimental findings demonstrated a close relationship between these pathways: Both are responsive to glucose availability. Both regulate ribosome production on the transcriptional level and repress autophagy and the cellular stress response. Sch9, a major downstream effector of TORC1 presumably shares its kinase consensus motif with PKA, and genetic rescue and synthetic defects between PKA and Sch9 have been known for a long time.
  • 818
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Alzheimer’s Disease and Choroid Plexus
The choroid plexus (CP), located in each of the four ventricles of the brain, is formed by a monolayer of epithelial cells that surrounds a highly vascularized connective tissue with permeable capillaries. These cells are joined by tight junctions forming the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), which strictly regulates the exchange of substances between the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). 
  • 817
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Interaction between Cocoa and Witches’ Broom Disease
Invaluable methods and resources have been explored to understand the molecular biology of M. perniciosa and fungi-host interactions, it is still important to determine how the biotrophic phase is maintained in M. perniciosa, and at the molecular level, to ascertain how their hosts contribute to the end of this phase of WBD. Comprehending the transition from biotrophic to necrotrophic phase is crucial for control of the disease, as well as for the development of resistant hosts.
  • 817
  • 12 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Processing on the Release of Insoluble-Bound Phenolics
Insoluble-bound phenolics (IBPs) are extensively found in the cell wall and distributed in various tissues/organs of plants, mainly cereals, legumes, and pulses. In particular, IBPs are mainly distributed in the protective tissues, such as seed coat, pericarp, and hull, and are also available in nutritional tissues, including germ, epicotyl, hypocotyl radicle, and endosperm, among others. Various processing methods, including thermal and non-thermal processing (high pressure, fermentation, and germination), have been used to release IBPs from different sources, and most of them positively affect the content and their antioxidant activities due to the release of IBPs.
  • 817
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Lin28/let-7 Axis
An RNA-binding protein, Lin28, in regulating cancer cell stemness to drive tumour progression. Lin28 blocks the synthesis of let-7, a tumour-suppressor microRNA, and acts as a global regulator of cell differentiation and proliferation. Lin28also targets messenger RNAs and regulates protein translation. 
  • 817
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
ALS2-Related Motor Neuron Diseases
Mutations of the ALS2 gene, which encodes for the protein Alsin, are linked to three recessive motor neuron diseases characterized by early onset. Alsin is an intriguing protein characterized by several structured domains with distinct functions. 
  • 816
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
CCCTC-Binding Factor for Chromatin Regulation
Chromatin, a macromolecular complex of DNA, RNA, and proteins, provides a framework for the packaging of genetic material within the cell nucleus. Its organization plays a crucial role in gene expression and is regulated by a diverse array of protein complexes in response to a dynamic code of histone posttranslational modifications and DNA modifications. Architectural proteins are essential epigenetic regulators that play a critical role in organizing chromatin and controlling gene expression. CTCF (CCCTC-binding factor) is a key architectural protein responsible for maintaining the intricate 3D structure of chromatin. Because of its multivalent properties and plasticity to bind various sequences, CTCF is similar to a Swiss knife for genome organization.
  • 816
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Colistin
Colistin, also known as polymyxin E, is an antibacterial cationic polypeptide that binds to the negatively charged lipid A of Gram-negative outer membrane lipopolysaccharide.  Colistin is a last resort antibiotic medication for the treatment of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. 
  • 815
  • 02 Aug 2021
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