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Topic Review
Retinal Amyloid-β
Amyloid-β (Aβ) is a 39–43 amino acid protein peptide that originates from the amyloidogenic pathway with cleavage of a transmembrane glycoprotein, amyloid precursor protein (APP), by β- and γ-secretase. Retinal Aβ accumulations in neurodegeneration-associated disorders like Alzheimer's disease, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration have been extensively studied and regarded as an overlapping pathological feature between these disorders with no successful cure. 
  • 860
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Epigenetic Biomarkers for Neurodegenerative Disorders
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression that occur without alterations to the DNA sequence, linking the genome to its surroundings. The accumulation of epigenetic alterations over the lifespan may contribute to neurodegeneration.
  • 860
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Hsp70 in Redox Homeostasis
Hsp70 is a key chaperone in protein quality control and the central hub of the cellular proteostasis network, participating in numerous cellular processes by interacting with different clients. Hsp70 is tightly related to redox homeostasis in several ways, including functional regulation of Hsp70 caused by post-translational modifications (especially cysteine modifications), induced expression of Hsp70 caused by oxidative stress, Hsp70-dependent proteostasis under oxidative stress and redox-related signaling pathways involving Hsp70.
  • 860
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Multifunctionality in Microbial Adhesins
Microbial adhesins have multiple functions, and these activities are all evolved and selected. Adhesins can act as enzymes, as assembly scaffolds and components of complex nano-machines. Sometimes, these activities are called secondary because they were discovered secondarily. For instance, microbial type IV pili were first called adhesive. In contrast, phosphoglycerate kinase has its well-known enzymatic activity, but in fungi it also moonlights as an extracellular adhesin.
  • 860
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
TATDN2
Replicative DNA polymerases are blocked by nearly all types of DNA damage. The resulting DNA replication stress threatens genome stability. DNA replication stress is also caused by depletion of nucleotide pools, DNA polymerase inhibitors, and DNA sequences or structures that are difficult to replicate. Replication stress triggers complex cellular responses that include cell cycle arrest, replication fork collapse to one-ended DNA double-strand breaks, induction of DNA repair, and programmed cell death after excessive damage. Replication stress caused by specific structures (e.g., G-rich sequences that form G-quadruplexes) is localized but occurs during the S phase of every cell division.
  • 860
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Colistin
Colistin, also known as polymyxin E, is an antibacterial cationic polypeptide that binds to the negatively charged lipid A of Gram-negative outer membrane lipopolysaccharide.  Colistin is a last resort antibiotic medication for the treatment of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. 
  • 859
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
ALK+ lung cancer: targeted inhibitors and resistance mechanisms
EML4-ALK is an oncogenic fusion protein that accounts for approximately 5% of non-small cell lung cancer cases. Targeted inhibitors of ALK are now the standard of care treatment often leading to an excellent initial response and increased overall survival. A variety of resistance mechanisms have been identified that eventually lead to relapse highlighting the need for additional treatment options for these patients.
  • 859
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Breast Cancer
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is expressed in breast cancer cells and tumors and in some studies, the AhR is a negative prognostic factor for patient survival. Structurally diverse AhR ligands have been extensively investigated as anticancer agents in breast cancer cells and tumors and show efficacy in both estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and ER -negative breast cancer cells. Moreover, synthetic AhR ligands are being developed and have been in clinical trials for treating breast cancer.
  • 859
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
NADPH Oxidase and Cellular Metabolism
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) represent a group of high reactive molecules with dualistic natures since they can induce cytotoxicity or regulate cellular physiology. The NADPH oxidase (NOX) family represents the main source of controlled ROS formation and includes seven isoforms with a broad tissue distribution and activation mechanism. Their subcellular distribution varies in the different cell types, ranging from plasma membrane to intracellular compartments and nuclear membrane. The NOX family includes NOX1, NOX2, NOX3, NOX4, NOX5, and the dual oxidase Duox1 and Duox2.
  • 859
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Let-7 as a Target in Aging-Related Diseases
Lethal-7 (let-7) was discovered in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) and plays an important role in development by regulating cell fate regulators. Accumulating evidence has shown that let-7 is elevated in aging tissues and participates in multiple pathways that regulate the aging process, including affecting tissue stem cell function, body metabolism, and various aging-related diseases (ARDs). Moreover, recent studies have found that let-7 plays an important role in the senescence of B cells, suggesting that let-7 may also participate in the aging process by regulating immune function. Therefore, these studies show the diversity and complexity of let-7 expression and regulatory functions during aging.
  • 859
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Antibacterial Peptides and Their Mechanism of Action
Despite the great strides in healthcare during the last century, some challenges still remained unanswered. The development of multi-drug resistant bacteria, the alarming growth of fungal infections, the emerging/re-emerging of viral diseases are yet a worldwide threat. Since the discovery of natural antimicrobial peptides able to broadly hit several pathogens, peptide-based therapeutics have been under the lenses of the researchers. Antimicrobial peptides generally affect highly preserved structures, e.g., the phospholipid membrane via pore formation or other constitutive targets like peptidoglycans in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and glucan in the fungal cell wall. Additionally, some peptides are particularly active on biofilm destabilizing the microbial communities. They can also act intracellularly, e.g., on protein biosynthesis or DNA replication. Their intracellular properties are extended upon viral infection since peptides can influence several steps along the virus life cycle starting from viral receptor-cell interaction to the budding. Besides their mode of action, improvements in manufacturing to increase their half-life and performances are also taken into consideration together with advantages and impairments in the clinical usage. Thus far, the progress of new synthetic peptide-based approaches is making them a promising tool to counteract emerging infections.
  • 858
  • 08 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Exosomes in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most potent metastatic type of breast cancer that can spread to other body parts. Chemotherapy and surgical intervention are the sole treatments for TNBC, owing to the scarcity of therapeutic targets. Manipulation of the membranes as per the desired targets of exosomes has recently gained much attention as a drug delivery method. 
  • 858
  • 28 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Lactoferrin and Human Metabolism
Many pathological conditions, including obesity, diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and cancer, are associated with abnormal metabolic states. The progressive loss of metabolic control is commonly characterized by insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia, inflammation, central obesity, and hypertension, a cluster of metabolic dysregulations usually referred to as the “metabolic syndrome”. Nutraceuticals have gained attention for the generalized perception that natural substances may be synonymous with health and balance, thus becoming favorable candidates for the adjuvant treatment of metabolic dysregulations. Among nutraceutical proteins, lactoferrin (Lf), an iron-binding glycoprotein of the innate immune system, has been widely recognized for its multifaceted activities and high tolerance. 
  • 858
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
NRF2 in Chronic Kidney Disease
Nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (NRF2) plays a central role in protecting cells from oxidative injury. As a transcription factor, NRF2 induces gene expression of enzymes that combat the effects of oxidative stress.
  • 857
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Circadian Oscillations in Skin
The term circadian rhythm, defined by Franz Halberg, a pioneer of chronobiology, in 1959, was originally adapted from Greek. It is a hybrid of the words “circa” and “day”, meaning approximately 24 h or a day. In his later work, Halberg described biological cycles, which are an overlay of oscillations that occur in mammals. Circadian rhythm is closely linked to immunological processes and skin homeostasis, and its desynchrony can be linked to the perturbation of the skin. The interplay between circadian rhythm and annual, seasonal oscillations, as well as the impact of these periodic events on the skin, is described.
  • 857
  • 31 Mar 2023
Topic Review
REST/NRSF in Health and Disease
Chromatin modifications play a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression. The repressor element-1 (RE1) silencing transcription factor (REST), also known as neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) and X2 box repressor (XBR), was found to regulate gene transcription by binding to chromatin and recruiting chromatin-modifying enzymes. Earlier studies revealed that REST plays an important role in the development and disease of the nervous system, mainly by repressing the transcription of neuron-specific genes. Subsequently, REST was found to be critical in other tissues, such as the heart, pancreas, skin, eye, and vascular. Dysregulation of REST was also found in nervous and non-nervous system cancers. In parallel, multiple strategies to target REST have been developed. 
  • 857
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Wnt Signaling Pathway in Liver Metastasis
Liver metastasis, originating either from a primary liver or other cancer types, represent a large cancer-related burden. Therefore, studies that add to better understanding of its molecular basis are needed. Herein, the role of the Wnt signaling pathway in liver metastasis is outlined. Its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), motility, migration, metastasis formation, and other steps of the metastatic cascade are presented. Additionally, the roles of the Wnt signaling pathway in the liver metastasis formation of colorectal, breast, gastric, lung, melanoma, pancreatic, and prostate cancer are explored.
  • 856
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Estrogen-Related Receptor α
Bone homeostasis is maintained with the balance between bone formation and bone resorption, which is involved in the functional performance of osteoblast and osteoclast. Disruption of this equilibrium usually causes bone disorders including osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and osteosclerosis. In addition, aberrant activity of bone also contributes to the bone metastasis that frequently occurs in the late stage of aggressive cancers. Orphan nuclear receptor estrogen-related receptor (ERRα) has been demonstrated to control the bone cell fate and the progression of tumor cells in bone through crosstalk with various molecules and signaling pathways. 
  • 856
  • 11 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Processing on the Release of Insoluble-Bound Phenolics
Insoluble-bound phenolics (IBPs) are extensively found in the cell wall and distributed in various tissues/organs of plants, mainly cereals, legumes, and pulses. In particular, IBPs are mainly distributed in the protective tissues, such as seed coat, pericarp, and hull, and are also available in nutritional tissues, including germ, epicotyl, hypocotyl radicle, and endosperm, among others. Various processing methods, including thermal and non-thermal processing (high pressure, fermentation, and germination), have been used to release IBPs from different sources, and most of them positively affect the content and their antioxidant activities due to the release of IBPs.
  • 856
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Perspective on Sirtuin Activity
The protein acylation of either the α-amino groups of amino-terminal residues or of internal lysine or cysteine residues is one of the major posttranslational protein modifications that occur in the cell with repercussions at the protein as well as at the metabolome level. The lysine acylation status is determined by the opposing activities of lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) and lysine deacetylases (KDACs), which add and remove acyl groups from proteins, respectively. A special group of KDACs, named sirtuins, that require NAD+ as a substrate has received particular attention in recent years. They play critical roles in metabolism, and their abnormal activity has been implicated in several diseases. Conversely, the modulation of their activity has been associated with protection from age-related cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and with increased longevity. The benefits of either activating or inhibiting these enzymes have turned sirtuins into attractive therapeutic targets, and considerable effort has been directed toward developing specific sirtuin modulators.
  • 855
  • 20 Nov 2020
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