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Topic Review
Novel Selective RET Inhibitors
RET-selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) pralsetinib and selpercatinib, are effective against the RET V804L/M gatekeeper mutants. However, adaptive mutations that cause resistance at the solvent front RET G810 residue have been found, pointing to the need for the development of the next-generation of RET-specific TKIs. 
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Polyphenols and Ischemic Stroke
Stroke is now the second leading cause of death worldwide, and is defined as an impairment in blood supply to the brain, and is linked to different cardiovascular dysfunctions. Two main types of stroke exist: ischemic stroke (due to clot-mediated blood vessel occlusion), which accounts for about 85% of all stroke cases, and hemorrhagic stroke (caused by blood vessel rupture), which accounts for 15% of total cases. Following the stroke, while the core region undergoes sudden death, the surrounding injured regions (called penumbra) may be able to recover their functions.
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Methylmercury Neurotoxicity and Neuroinflammation
Methylmercury (MeHg) toxicity is a major environmental concern. In the aquatic reservoir, MeHg bioaccumulates along the food chain until it is consumed by riverine populations. The central nervous system is particularly susceptible to the deleterious effects of MeHg, as evidenced by clinical symptoms and histopathological changes in poisoned humans. In vitro and in vivo studies have been crucial in deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying MeHg-induced neurotoxicity. A collection of cellular and molecular alterations including cytokine release, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, Ca2+ and glutamate dyshomeostasis, and cell death mechanisms are important consequences of brain cells exposure to MeHg. 
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Physical Exercise and Saliva Composition
Salivary glands are exocrine organs that produce a large amount of fluid. Through the saliva, electrolytes and other substances are transferred from the inner of the glands to the oral cavity. The mean volume of the fluid is estimated to be 750 mL/day, which almost represents 20% of the overall plasma volume. Apart from the major salivary glands (2–5 mL/min), saliva is also secreted by several minor glands at a rate of 0.5 mL/min.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Conventional Event Tree Analysis on Liquefied Natural Gas
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is stored in facilities located in urban areas and transported over public roads. A shift towards the broader use of LNG is economically and environmentally justified. Conventional event trees for LNG emergency release in three different units is a concept that is based on the physical and chemical properties of LNG. It has been designed with deep consideration and analysis of past experiences and real cases of LNG incidents. The idea of having training checkpoints, such as ‘decision points’ and ‘learning curve points’ in the continuum of a training or exercise enable the achievement of optimal learning objectives in a flexible way which take into account the trainee individual mental and physical disposition on a day, scalability of difficulty level as well as realistic scenario paths determined by the performance of the trainees facing concrete operational problems.
  • 1.4K
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Sustainability in Universities
It was found that universities have hardly incorporated sustainability in their academic areas, as can be seen in the evaluation systems of the global academic rankings, although some measurements were made from an institutional rather than an academic perspective. There is a need for universities to incorporate elements related to sustainability in their programs, not only in response to the new trends in the countries but also as a factor in responding to the emerging needs of the world in terms of efficient resource management, improving the education and the formation of an integral and responsible professional.
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
G Protein Coupled Receptor 158
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) remain one of the most successful targets for therapeutic drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Many novel orphan GPCRs have been identified by human genome sequencing and considered as putative targets for refractory diseases. Of note, a series of studies have been carried out involving GPCR 158 (or GPR158) since its identification in 2005, predominantly focusing on the characterization of its roles in the progression of cancer and mental illness. However, advances towards an in-depth understanding of the biological mechanism(s) involved for clinical application of GPR158 are lacking.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Concept of the Robo-Advisor with Digital Twin
The term “digital twin” (DT) refers to a digital representation of an individual that has the capability of integrating any digital data with virtually real-time data and generating advanced analytics for feedback, recommendation, and alternative solutions for users. 
  • 1.4K
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
IBM Roadrunner
Roadrunner was a supercomputer built by IBM for the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, USA. The US$100-million Roadrunner was designed for a peak performance of 1.7 petaflops. It achieved 1.026 petaflops on May 25, 2008, to become the world's first TOP500 LINPACK sustained 1.0 petaflops system. In November 2008, it reached a top performance of 1.456 petaFLOPS, retaining its top spot in the TOP500 list. It was also the fourth-most energy-efficient supercomputer in the world on the Supermicro Green500 list, with an operational rate of 444.94 megaflops per watt of power used. The hybrid Roadrunner design was then reused for several other energy efficient supercomputers. Roadrunner was decommissioned by Los Alamos on March 31, 2013. In its place, Los Alamos commissioned a supercomputer called Cielo, which was installed in 2010. Cielo was smaller and more energy efficient than Roadrunner, and cost $54 million.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Planetary Geology
Planetary geology, alternatively known as astrogeology or exogeology, is a planetary science discipline concerned with the geology of the celestial bodies such as the planets and their moons, asteroids, comets, and meteorites. Although the geo- prefix typically indicates topics of or relating to Earth, planetary geology is named as such for historical and convenience reasons; due to the types of investigations involved, it is closely linked with Earth-based geology. These investigations are centered around the composition, structure, processes, and history of a planet. Planetary geology includes such topics as determining the internal structure of the terrestrial planets, and also looks at planetary volcanism and surface processes such as impact craters, fluvial and aeolian processes. The structures and compositions of the giant planets and their moons are also examined, as is the make-up of the minor bodies of the Solar System, such as asteroids, the Kuiper Belt, and comets. Planetary geology includes applications derived from other closely related fields within in the geological sciences, such as geophysics and geochemistry.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Stingless Bee Honey as Antidepressant
Depression is a debilitating psychiatric disorder impacting an individual’s quality of life. Conventional treatments include tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Despite numerous pharmacological strategies utilising conventional drugs, the discovery of alternative medicines from natural products is a must for safer and beneficial brain supplement. Stingless bee honey (SBH) has been proven to contain a high level of antioxidants compared to other types of honey. 
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Eclipse Public License
The Eclipse Public License (EPL) is a free and open source software license most notably used for the Eclipse IDE and other projects by the Eclipse Foundation. It replaces the Common Public License (CPL) and removes certain terms relating to litigations related to patents. The Eclipse Public License is designed to be a business-friendly free software license, and features weaker copyleft provisions than licenses such as the GNU General Public License (GPL). The receiver of EPL-licensed programs can use, modify, copy and distribute the work and modified versions, in some cases being obligated to release their own changes. The EPL is listed as a free software license by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) and approved by the Open Source Initiative (OSI). Discussion of a new version of the EPL began in May 2013. Version 2.0 was announced on 24 August 2017. On January 20, 2021, the license steward for the license was changed from Eclipse.org Foundation, Inc. (Delaware, USA) to Eclipse Foundation AISBL (Brussels, Belgium).
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) is a mental disorder in children and adolescents characterized by a persistently irritable or angry mood and frequent temper outbursts that are disproportionate to the situation and significantly more severe than the typical reaction of same-aged peers. DMDD was added to the DSM-5 as a type of depressive disorder diagnosis for youths. The symptoms of DMDD resemble those of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), anxiety disorders, and childhood bipolar disorder. DMDD first appeared as a disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) in 2013 and is classified as a mood disorder. Treatments include medication to manage mood symptoms as well as individual and family therapy to address emotion-regulation skills. Children with DMDD are at risk for developing depression and anxiety later in life.
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Lebesgue Constant (Interpolation)
In mathematics, the Lebesgue constants (depending on a set of nodes and of its size) give an idea of how good the interpolant of a function (at the given nodes) is in comparison with the best polynomial approximation of the function (the degree of the polynomials are obviously fixed). The Lebesgue constant for polynomials of degree at most n and for the set of n + 1 nodes T is generally denoted by Λn(T ). These constants are named after Henri Lebesgue.
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
ACT-R
ACT-R (pronounced /ˌækt ˈɑr/; short for "Adaptive Control of Thought—Rational") is a cognitive architecture mainly developed by John Robert Anderson and Christian Lebiere at Carnegie Mellon University. Like any cognitive architecture, ACT-R aims to define the basic and irreducible cognitive and perceptual operations that enable the human mind. In theory, each task that humans can perform should consist of a series of these discrete operations. Most of the ACT-R's basic assumptions are also inspired by the progress of cognitive neuroscience, and ACT-R can be seen and described as a way of specifying how the brain itself is organized in a way that enables individual processing modules to produce cognition.
  • 1.4K
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Current Challenges and Perspectives for Biomass Catalytic Pyrolysis
Lignocellulosic biomass is an excellent alternative of fossil source owing to the fact that it is low-cost, plentiful and environmentally friendly. Through pyrolysis, lignocellulosic biomass can be converted into the potential precusor of liquid fuel or platform chemicals. Therefore, the detailed knowledge and mechanism about biomass conversion should be overviewed and concluded. We have reviewed several factors which impact the conversion of biomass, including the properties of biomass, operational parameters of catalytic pyrolysis and different types of pyrolysis equipment. Meantime, some perspectives for future development have been proposed in the end.
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19 and Hypothalamic–Pituitary Diseases
Long COVID-19, also known as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, is a condition where individuals who have recovered from the acute phase of COVID-19 continue to experience a range of symptoms for weeks or even months afterward. While it was initially thought to primarily affect the respiratory system, it has become clear that Long COVID-19 can involve various organs and systems, including the endocrine system, which includes the pituitary gland. In the context of Long COVID-19, there is a growing understanding of the potential implications for the pituitary gland. The virus can directly affect the pituitary gland, leading to abnormalities in hormone production and regulation.
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Campylobacter jejuni in Broilers
Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is the leading cause of human foodborne illness associated with poultry (such as Broilers), beef, and pork consumption. C. jejuni is highly prevalent in commercial poultry farms, where horizontal transmission from the environment is considered to be the primary source of C. jejuni.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Impact of Leaders’ Coaching Skills on Employees
The relationship between employees and leaders is fundamental in creating effective people and successful companies by guiding the individual towards understanding the differences and similarities they have with the organization and enabling leaders to provide employee development. Leaders with coaching skills build a safe working environment that employees can trust and improve work performance, develop employee self-awareness, and increase their satisfaction with their work, leader, and company. A leader coach not only shares their knowledge but also recognizes effort, advises, and provides attentive feedback. This leadership style is seen as an organizational tool to motivate, promote, and satisfy innovative behaviors in workers.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Visual Field Test
A visual field test is an eye examination that can detect dysfunction in central and peripheral vision which may be caused by various medical conditions such as glaucoma, stroke, pituitary disease, brain tumours or other neurological deficits. Visual field testing can be performed clinically by keeping the subject's gaze fixed while presenting objects at various places within their visual field. Simple manual equipment can be used such as in the tangent screen test or the Amsler grid. When dedicated machinery is used it is called a perimeter. The exam may be performed by a technician in one of several ways. The test may be performed by a technician directly, with the assistance of a machine, or completely by an automated machine. Machine-based tests aid diagnostics by allowing a detailed printout of the patient's visual field. Other names for this test may include perimetry, Tangent screen exam, Automated perimetry exam, Goldmann visual field exam, or brand names such as Humphrey Field Analyzer, Octopus Perimeter, Optopol PTS perimeter, Oculus Easyfield perimeter, Olleyes VisuALL, etc.
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Oct 2022
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