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Topic Review
Colorectal Cancer and Risk Factors
colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant neoplasms. Depending on the location, type of cancer or gender, it is ranked 2nd to 4th in terms of incidence in the world. CRC, year by year, shows an increasing tendency in terms of both morbidity and deaths. 
  • 713
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Adjuvant Therapy in Endometrial Cancer
Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological tract malignancy in developed countries. Extrauterine disease, in particular lymph node metastasis, is an important prognostic factor. Lymphadenectomy may have a therapeutic benefit if adjuvant therapy can be omitted without decreasing oncological outcomes, as the long-term quality of life is maintained by avoiding morbidities associated with adjuvant therapy. In intermediate- and high-risk endometrioid endometrial carcinomas, adjuvant therapy may be safely omitted without decreasing long-term survival by open surgery including systematic pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy when patients are node-negative.
  • 713
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Prostate Cancer in Sexual Minorities
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men. There is growing recognition of disparities faced in diagnosis, treatment and post-treatment outcomes in sexual minorities, including gay and bisexual men, as well as transgender women. 
  • 713
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Lung Segmentectomy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Surgery
Current guidelines recommend surgery for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The standard treatment for patients with cT1N0 NSCLC has been lobectomy with lymph-node dissection, with sublobar resection used only in patients with inadequate cardio-respiratory reserve, with poor performance status, or who are elderly. The results of two randomized controlled trial recently had changed the point of view, giving a new important role to the sublobar resections.
  • 713
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Rapha-Myr®:Antitumor Agent in Human Astrocytoma
We utilized Rapha Myr®, a novel blend of broccoli seed extract (Brassica Oleracea s.e., Sulforaphane glucosinolate titer 11%) plus active myrosinase, to treat the human astrocytoma cell line (1321N1). Rapha Myr® exhibited low antioxidant capability and exerted antiproliferative and genotoxic effects on 1321N1 cells by blocking the cell cycle, disarranging cytoskeleton structure and focal adhesions, decreasing the integrin α5 expression, renewing anoikis and modulating some important epigenetic pathways independently of the cellular p53 status. In addition, Rapha Myr® suppresses the expression of the oncogenic p53 mutant protein. These findings promote Rapha Myr® as a promising chemotherapeutic agent for integrated cancer therapy of human astrocytoma.
  • 712
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Immunotherapy for TNBC
Immunotherapy is promising in treating TNBCs.
  • 712
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Systemic Therapy of Metastatic Melanoma
Malignant melanoma is more dangerous than most other skin cancers due to its ability to spread early and aggressively. Until the development of new therapeutic strategies, the median survival of patients with metastatic melanoma was just a few months. Immunotherapy, the first regimen, leading to significant improvement, blocks immune checkpoints, which normally dampen immune responses, enabling our defense cells to recognize and destroy cancer cells again. Immunotherapy achieves long-term survival in about 50% of metastatic melanoma patients. Besides, targeted therapy has also significantly improved the survival of melanoma patients, blocking cell-signaling proteins, which are altered in about 50% of melanomas and lead to uncontrolled tumor cell growth. In addition to the approved regimens, there are numerous new treatment strategies, ranging from modified viruses to personalized immune cells that attack and destroy tumor cells.
  • 712
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Next-Generation Sequencing in Clinical Oncology
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has taken on major importance in clinical oncology practice. With the advent of targeted therapies capable of effectively targeting specific genomic alterations in cancer patients, the development of bioinformatics processes has become crucial. Thus, bioinformatics pipelines play an essential role not only in the detection and in identification of molecular alterations obtained from NGS data but also in the analysis and interpretation of variants, making it possible to transform raw sequencing data into meaningful and clinically useful information.
  • 712
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Circulating microRNAs in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite numerous advances in therapeutic approaches, this cancer has a poor prognosis when it is diagnosed at late stages. Therefore, the scientific effort is nowadays directed towards the development of new non-invasive and dynamic biomarkers to improve the survival expectancy of CRC patients. In this sense, deregulated expression of many miRNAs has been shown to play an important role for CRC carcinogenesis and dissemination. Noticeably, an increasing number of studies highlight that circulating miRNAs, including those traveling inside exosomes or those released by tumor cells into circulation, constitute a promising tool for early detection, prognosis and therapy selection of CRC.
  • 711
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Novel Theranostic Approaches Targeting CCR4-Receptor
With the high mortality rate of malignant tumors, there is a need to find novel theranostic approaches to provide an early diagnosis and targeted therapy. The chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) is highly expressed in various tumors and plays an important role in tumor pathogenesis. 
  • 711
  • 28 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Translational Immuno-Oncology Research with Organoids
As the complexity of tumour microenvironment (TME) has called for more sophisticated human-based tumour models, organoids have allowed the dynamic study of spatiotemporal interactions between tumour cells and individual TME cell types. Here, the researchers discuss how organoids can study the TME across cancers and how these features may improve precision I/O. 
  • 711
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Dynamic Stromal Alterations and Tumor-Stroma
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal solid malignancies, with a five-year survival rate of only ~10%. Pancreatic tissue becomes increasingly fibrotic (known as desmoplasia) during cancer development and progression. This extensive, heterogeneous reaction is largely mediated through the actions of stromal cells such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). In this review, we will discuss how heterotypical reciprocal tumor-stromal and tumor-immune cell interactions in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment (TME) can both promote and restrain PDAC development and progression, with particular focus on the role of extracellular matrix (ECM) in potentiating tumor cell proliferation, survival, metastasis, and treatment resistance.
  • 710
  • 22 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Repetitive Cell-Free DNA in Cancer Liquid Biopsies
Liquid biopsy is a broad term that refers to the testing of body fluids for biomarkers that correlate with a pathological condition. While a variety of body-fluid components (e.g., circulating tumor cells, extracellular vesicles, RNA, proteins, and metabolites) are studied as potential liquid biopsy biomarkers, cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has attracted the most attention. The total cfDNA population in a typical biospecimen represents an immensely rich source of biological and pathological information and has demonstrated significant potential as a versatile biomarker in oncology, non-invasive prenatal testing, and transplant monitoring. As a significant portion of cfDNA is composed of repeat DNA sequences and some families (e.g., pericentric satellites) were recently shown to be overrepresented in cfDNA populations vs their genomic abundance, it holds great potential for developing liquid biopsy-based biomarkers for the early detection and management of patients with cancer. 
  • 710
  • 15 Jun 2022
Topic Review
EGFR in Inflammatory Breast Cancer
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), also called ErbB1 or HER1, belongs to ErbB family of receptors, which also includes HER2, HER3, and HER4. Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most lethal and aggressive form of breast cancer; it is highly likely to spread to other sites in the body. 
  • 710
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Serum Human Epididymis Protein 4 and Endometrial Cancer
Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4), also known as epididymal secretory protein 4, is a glycoprotein encoded by the Whey-Acidic Four-Disulfide Core domain protein 2 (WFDC2) gene.  There may be a correlation between the tissue expression of HE4 and the molecular classification of endometrial cancer.
  • 710
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cervical Cancer Management
Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, ranking as fourth for both incidence and mortality among all gynecological malignancies. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most frequent histotype, followed by adenocarcinoma (AC), which accounts for approximately 10–25% of cervical tumors.
  • 710
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Dynamic Metabolic Regulation in BC
Bladder cancer (BC) represents a clinical, social, and economic challenge due to tumor-intrinsic characteristics, limitations of diagnostic techniques and a lack of personalized treatments. In the last decade, the use of liquid biopsy has grown as a non-invasive approach to characterize tumors. Moreover, the emergence of omics has increased our knowledge of cancer biology and identified critical BC biomarkers. The rewiring between epigenetics and metabolism has been closely linked to tumor phenotype. Chromatin remodelers interact with each other to control gene silencing in BC, but also with stress-inducible factors or oncogenic signaling cascades to regulate metabolic reprogramming towards glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and lipogenesis. Concurrently, one-carbon metabolism supplies methyl groups to histone and DNA methyltransferases, leading to the hypermethylation and silencing of suppressor genes in BC. Conversely, α-KG and acetyl-CoA enhance the activity of histone demethylases and acetyl transferases, increasing gene expression, while succinate and fumarate have an inhibitory role. 
  • 710
  • 24 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Cancer-Cell Migration in Bladder Carcinoma
Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) is among the top 10 most common cancers in the world, with an estimated 80,000 new cases and 17,000 deaths in the United States each year. Significant advances have been made in the management of bladder cancer since the 1990s. More accurate staging has been achieved with refined tissue imaging, and advances in surgical techniques have been combined with improved chemotherapy regimens. Even more, the 5-year survival rate for patients with non-muscle invasive UCB is over 90% and radical cystectomy is the treatment of choice for patients with surgically resectable disease without evidence of metastatic disease. However, patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer or disseminated disease have a much lower survival rate, suggesting that the occurrence of metastasis has a significant impact on the prognosis of patients with bladder cancer. Considering the impact of metastatic disease on treatment options and patient prognosis, the importance of timely detection and prevention of metastasis in UCB cannot be overemphasized.
  • 710
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Premalignant Pancreatic Cystic Lesions Management
Pancreatic cystic lesions are an increasingly common clinical finding. They represent a heterogeneous group of lesions that include two of the three known precursors of pancreatic cancer, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) and mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCN). Given that approximately 8% of pancreatic cancers arise from these lesions, careful surveillance and timely surgery offers an opportunity for early curative resection in a disease with a dismal prognosis. 
  • 709
  • 01 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Forkhead box E1
Forkhead box E1 (FOXE1) is a transcription factor involved in thyroid cancer susceptibility. Here we show that FOXE1 expression in thyroid cells correlate with chemokines induction and monocyte chemoattraction, and that reduction of FOXE1 gene dosage in vivo impairs macrophage infiltration in thyroid cancer.
  • 709
  • 29 Mar 2022
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