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Topic Review
Hydrogen Generation
Hydrogen generation is the process of producing hydrogen gas from various sources, such as fossil fuels, water, or biomass. Hydrogen gas is a clean and versatile energy carrier that can be used in a wide range of applications, including fuel cells, transportation, and industrial processes. Hydrogen generation can be achieved through various methods, including steam methane reforming, electrolysis, and coal gasification. The use of hydrogen as a fuel offers a clean and sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuels, with applications in transportation, power generation, industrial processes, heating systems, and energy storage. The development of sustainable hydrogen generation technologies is crucial for achieving a low-carbon economy and combating climate change. However, the technology still faces challenges such as high cost and lack of infrastructure. This entry provides an overview of the different methods and applications of hydrogen generation, and discusses the potential benefits and challenges associated with this technology.
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Impact of Climate Change on Grapevines, Berries, Wine
Grapevine and wine production is vulnerable to the effect of climate change. Heat and water stress related to climate change can affect vine phenology, pest and disease pressure, crop yield, and berry and wine composition.
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Skin Pigmentation
Human skin pigmentation and melanin synthesis are incredibly variable, and are impacted by genetics, UV exposure, and some drugs. Patients’ physical appearance, psychological health, and social functioning are all impacted by a sizable number of skin conditions that cause pigmentary abnormalities. Hyperpigmentation, where pigment appears to overflow, and hypopigmentation, where pigment is reduced, are the two major classifications of skin pigmentation. Albinism, melasma, vitiligo, Addison’s disease, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, which can be brought on by eczema, acne vulgaris, and drug interactions, are the most common skin pigmentation disorders in clinical practice. Anti-inflammatory medications, antioxidants, and medications that inhibit tyrosinase, which prevents the production of melanin, are all possible treatments for pigmentation problems. Skin pigmentation can be treated orally and topically with medications, herbal remedies, and cosmetic products, but a doctor should always be consulted before beginning any new medicine or treatment plan. 
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Mediterranean Diet and Male Fertility
Diet has an impact on male reproductive potential, but few studies have focused on the specific impact of food groups or dietary patterns on fertility. Male reproductive health, as indicated by improved semen parameters and increased chances of conceiving, is associated with the Mediterranean diet, while the Western diet is considered a risk factor for male infertility.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
The Convergence of AI, 6G, and Wireless Communication
In the rapidly evolving landscape of wireless communication, each successive generation of networks has achieved significant technological leaps, profoundly transforming the way we connect and interact. From the analog simplicity of 1G to the digital prowess of 5G, the journey of mobile networks has been marked by constant innovation and escalating demands for faster, more reliable, and more efficient communication systems. As 5G becomes a global reality, laying the foundation for an interconnected world, the quest for even more advanced networks leads us to the threshold of the sixth-generation (6G) era. By integrating AI and ML, 6G networks are expected to offer unprecedented capabilities, from enhanced mobile broadband to groundbreaking applications in areas like smart cities and autonomous systems.
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Electronic Structure and Chemical Bonding of Transition-Metal Monoborides
Boron presents an important role in chemistry, biology, and materials science. Diatomic transition-metal borides (MBs) are the building blocks of many complexes and materials, and they present unique electronic structures with interesting and peculiar properties and a variety of bonding schemes which are analyzed here. Comparisons between MB molecules along the three rows are presented, and their differences and similarities are analyzed. The bonding of the diatomic borides is also described. Three of them RhB(X1Σ+), RuB(X2Δ) and TcB(X3Σ−)  form quadruple σ2σ2π2π2 bonds in their X states. The RhB form quadruple bond also in two low-lying excited states.
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Capacitive Field-Effect Bio-Chemical Sensors
       Electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (EIS) field-effect sensors belong to a new generation of electronic chips for biochemical sensing, enabling a direct electronic readout. The review gives an overview on recent advances and current trends in the research and development of chemical sensors and biosensors based on the capacitive field-effect EIS structure—the simplest field-effect device, which represents a biochemically sensitive capacitor. Fundamental concepts, physicochemical phenomena underlying the transduction mechanism and application of capacitive EIS sensors for the detection of pH, ion concentrations, and enzymatic reactions, as well as the label-free detection of charged molecules (nucleic acids, proteins, and polyelectrolytes) and nanoparticles, are presented and discussed.
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Flaviviruses
Flaviviruses are arthropod-borne RNA viruses that have been used extensively to study host antiviral responses. Often selected just to represent standard single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses in early studies, the Flavivirus genus over time has taught us how truly unique it is in its remarkable ability to target not just the RNA sensory pathways but also the cytosolic DNA sensing system for its successful replication inside the host cell. This review summarizes the main developments on the unexpected antagonistic strategies utilized by different flaviviruses, with RNA genomes, against the host cyclic GAMP synthase (cGAS)/stimulator of interferon genes (STING) cytosolic DNA sensing pathway in mammalian systems. On the basis of the recent advancements on this topic, we hypothesize that the mechanisms of viral sensing and innate immunity are much more fluid than what we had anticipated, and both viral and host factors will continue to be found as important factors contributing to the host innate immune system in the future.
  • 1.5K
  • 03 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Forest Therapy in China
Forest therapy has emerged as a preventive and alternative therapy to cope with stress and enhance people’s health and wellbeing as a result of spending time in a green and healthy environment. Forest therapy activities in China include Forest health and wellness, forest healthcare, forest tourism, forest experiences, and forest wellness. 
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Fungal Infections in COVID-19 Patients
Patients with severe COVID-19, such as individuals in intensive care units (ICU), are exceptionally susceptible to bacterial and fungal infections. The most prevalent fungal infections are aspergillosis and candidemia. Nonetheless, other fungal species (for instance, Histoplasma spp., Rhizopus spp., Mucor spp., Cryptococcus spp.) have recently been increasingly linked to opportunistic fungal diseases in COVID-19 patients. These fungal co-infections are described with rising incidence, severe illness, and death that is associated with host immune response. Awareness of the high risks of the occurrence of fungal co-infections is crucial to downgrade any arrear in diagnosis and treatment to support the prevention of severe illness and death directly related to these infections. 
  • 1.5K
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Corporate Governance
A good corporate governance relies on the existence of some trust relationships between the entity, the investors, and other interested parties.
  • 1.5K
  • 26 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Peer Effects in Housing Size in Rural China
In recent decades, rural China has witnessed a housing construction boom. In order to control the rapid growth of rural housing, both central and local governments have established quantitative restrictions on the floor numbers and total housing area; however, these have been relatively ineffective. Current research to explain this rapid growth in rural housing tends to consider independent household behavior, while social interactions among villagers are neglected.
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning System
The heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system is a major energy consumer in office buildings, and its operation is critical for indoor thermal comfort.
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Graphene Oxide as an Implant Coating in Dentistry
Dental materials used for reconstructing tooth defects can be improved with graphene oxide (GO), dental implants can be coated using GO, it can be used in tissue engineering in order to repair bone defects and it can also be used to suppress cariogenic biofilm formation. Additionally, GO has also been promoted as a good candidate for neural implants, not only because it provides outstanding resistance to corrosion, but also because it promotes the growth of neuronal cells and reduces ROS expression.
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Vaccines and Methane Emissions from Ruminants
Ruminants produce significant amounts of methane during their digestive process, making livestock one of the largest sources of anthropogenic greenhouse gasses. Several solutions have been proposed to address this problem, including inoculation of ruminants against microorganisms responsible for methane synthesis in the rumen. 
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Regularization
In physics, especially quantum field theory, regularization is a method of modifying observables which have singularities in order to make them finite by the introduction of a suitable parameter called the regulator. The regulator, also known as a "cutoff", models our lack of knowledge about physics at unobserved scales (e.g. scales of small size or large energy levels). It compensates for (and requires) the possibility that "new physics" may be discovered at those scales which the present theory is unable to model, while enabling the current theory to give accurate predictions as an "effective theory" within its intended scale of use. It is distinct from renormalization, another technique to control infinities without assuming new physics, by adjusting for self-interaction feedback. Regularization was for many decades controversial even amongst its inventors, as it combines physical and epistemological claims into the same equations. However, it is now well understood and has proven to yield useful, accurate predictions.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
GRACE and GRACE-FO
The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) was a joint mission of NASA and the German Aerospace Center (DLR). Twin satellites took detailed measurements of Earth's gravity field anomalies from its launch in March 2002 to the end of its science mission in October 2017. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-On (GRACE-FO) is a continuation of the mission on near-identical hardware, launched in May 2018. By measuring gravity anomalies, GRACE showed how mass is distributed around the planet and how it varies over time. Data from the GRACE satellites is an important tool for studying Earth's ocean, geology, and climate. GRACE was a collaborative endeavor involving the Center for Space Research at the University of Texas at Austin, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the German Aerospace Center and Germany's National Research Center for Geosciences, Potsdam. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory was responsible for the overall mission management under the NASA ESSP (Earth System Science Pathfinder) program. The principal investigator is Byron Tapley of the University of Texas Center for Space Research, and the co-principal investigator is Christoph Reigber of the GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) Potsdam. The two GRACE satellites (GRACE-1 and GRACE-2) were launched from Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia, on a Rockot (SS-19 + Breeze upper stage) launch vehicle on 17 March 2002. The spacecraft were launched to an initial altitude of approximately 500 km at a near-polar inclination of 89°. During normal operations, the satellites were separated by 220 km along their orbit track. This system was able to gather global coverage every 30 days. GRACE far exceeded its 5-year design lifespan, operating for 15 years until the decommissioning of GRACE-2 on 27 October 2017. Its successor, GRACE-FO, was successfully launched on 22 May 2018. In 2019, a glacier in West Antarctica was named after the GRACE mission.
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Water Photo-Oxidation over TiO2
Photocatalytic splitting of water is a direct and attractive approach for the utilization of solar energy by producing the most-prospective clean hydrogen fuel. In photocatalytic water splitting, oxidation of water to molecular oxygen, or oxygen evolution reaction (OER), is the most difficult process because it needs the transfer of four electrons, while the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a two-electron transfer reaction.
  • 1.5K
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Carotenoid Production via Optimized Fermentation
Carotenoid production from oleaginous red yeast has been considered as a safe alternative to chemically synthesized carotenoids commonly used in the food industry, since plant-based carotenoids are expensive and an irregular source for obtaining pigments. 
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Microbial Detoxification of Residual Pesticides in Fermented Foods
The treatment of agricultural areas with pesticides is an indispensable approach to improve crop yields and cannot be avoided in the future. At the same time, significant amounts of pesticides remain in food and their ingestion causes serious damage such as neurological, gastrointestinal, and allergic reactions; cancer; and even death. However, during the fermentation processing of foods, residual amounts of pesticides are significantly reduced thanks to enzymatic degradation by the starter and accompanying microflora. 
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Mar 2023
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