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Topic Review
Resilience Assessment in Urban Water Infrastructure
Urban water infrastructure (UWI) comprises the main systems, including water supply systems (WSS), urban drainage/stormwater systems (UDS) and wastewater systems (WWS). The UWI needs to be resilient to a wide range of shocks and stresses, including structural failures such as pipe breakage and pump breakdown and functional failures such as unmet water demand/quality, flooding and combined sewer overflows. 
  • 1.6K
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Geocell Configuration
Geocells, which are polymeric interconnected cells filled with soil, provide excellent support to loads through all-round confinement and a beam effect; hence, they are extensively used in various geotechnical applications such as embankments, foundations, pavements, slopes, railways, and reinforced earth (RE) walls. 
  • 1.6K
  • 16 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Natural Fiber in Cementitious Composites
The use of natural fibers in cementitious composites continue gaining acceptability and applicability due to its advantages over other artificial and synthetic fiber; this is because natural fibers are more economical and environmentally friendly and sustainable. Additionally, their biodegradability, lightweight and lower density, higher strength-to-weight ratio, and non-toxicity give them some advantages when used in place of synthetic fibers such as glass and carbon fibers. Furthermore, the production and processing of natural fibers involve less energy in comparison to other synthetic fibers. As a reference, the processing and production of jute natural finer, requires only about 7% of the energy needed to produce the same weight of polypropylene artificial fibers. Additionally, the production of 1 tons of polypropylene fiber generates about 3.7 tons of CO2, while the jute fiber absorbs CO2. Some of the major shortcomings of using natural fibers are its hydrophobic nature. Another problem related to the use of natural fibers in cement composites is its higher variations in properties, causing erratic cementitious materials properties; these defects need modification for the fiber to be effectively used and enhance the properties of cementitious composites.
  • 1.6K
  • 16 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Audio-Based Hazard Detection for Construction Safety
Safety-critical sounds at job sites play an essential role in construction safety, but hearing capability is often declined due to the use of hearing protection and the complicated nature of construction noise. Thus, preserving or augmenting the auditory situational awareness of construction workers has become a critical need. 
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Green Building in Arctic Region
Nowadays, buildings are a large contributors to climate change due to their significant global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Since in the Arctic Region the effects of climate change are amplified and lead to global consequences, governments and international organizations are developing solutions to promote sustainable constructions, hence reducing the impact of buildings on the environment. 
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Reuse of Municipal Solid Waste in Construction
Society is highly dependent on natural resources such as rocks (aggregates) and minerals. Although they are an abundant resource on the planet, their recovery is slow in terms of human lifespan, and from this fact, they are considered non-renewable resources. The construction industry currently consumes around 3000 million tons of natural resources annually and is responsible for 34% of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. An alternative to reduce this over-extraction is the substitution of aggregates and cement for municipal solid waste (MSW), which represents the application of the circular economy principles. This approach and the waste management hierarchy are described, with a focus on the Latin America and the Caribbean situation. MSW is composed of several fractions, such as organic waste, paper, cardboard, metals, plastic, and glass, among other valuable materials. Areas of opportunity for their reuse in the construction industry have been demonstrated worldwide: a) plastics as substitutes for aggregates or reinforcing fibers, or replaced construction elements such as bricks; b) glass in the production of concrete, mortar, and asphalt pavement; c) paper as a hygrothermal and lighting regulator in buildings, among others.  
  • 1.5K
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Steel Fibers on Tensile Properties of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete
Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is an advanced cement-based material with excellent mechanical properties and durability. However, with the improvement of UHPC’s compressive properties, its insufficient tensile properties have gradually attracted attention.
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
3D Printing in the Building Industry
The technology of additive manufacturing, especially 3D concrete printing (3DCP), has been adopted in the construction industry as a viable alternative to traditional construction methods. Although the technology offers a wide variety of structural, economic, and environmental benefits, it is still restricted in use due to certain limitations that are still under research.
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Hybrid Graphene/Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites
Graphene with fascinating properties has been deemed as an excellent reinforcement for cementitious composites, enabling construction materials to be smarter, stronger, and more durable. However, some challenges such as dispersion issues and high costs, hinder the direct incorporation of graphene-based reinforcement fillers into cementitious composites for industrial production. The combination of graphene with conventional fibers to reinforce cement hence appears as a more promising pathway especially towards the commercialization of graphene for cementitious materials.  This entry introduces the preparation and the enhancement of hybrid graphene-fiber reinforced cementitious composites.
  • 1.5K
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Lime Mortar
Lime is an ancient construction material that has been utilized throughout the world in various forms, providing stable construction methods in usable conditions. Lime mortar is well known for its low carbon footprint in production and carbon absorption throughout its lifespan as a hardened material. The significant benefits of lime mortar were analyzed and reviewed for further research. Ancient lime constructions need proper maintenance for aesthetic and structural strengthening to preserve this cultural architecture of national pride. Hence, the characterization of ancient mortars is mandatory for renovation work. 
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Sustainable Hybrid Energy Harvesting
The potential usage of self-powered wireless sensor (WSN) systems has drawn a lot of attention to sustainable energy harvesting. Hybrid energy harvesting involves collecting energy from multiple sources and converting it into electrical energy using various transduction mechanisms. By properly integrating different energy conversion technologies, hybridization can significantly increase power outputs and improve space utilization efficiency.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Application of Waste Powder in Pervious Concrete
According to the literature, the annual global consumption of concrete had reached 25 billion tons in 2009. Cement is an important component of concrete, and the global cement production is approximately 4.1 billion tons per year. However, the production of 1 ton of Portland cement can emit between 730–850 kg of CO2. Waste powder is mainly derived from the waste of industrial production or volcanic activities. If not reutilized, such waste powder will cause serious environmental problems.
  • 1.5K
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Feasibility of thermal insulation for retrofitting Historic Walls
Retrofitting historic constructions can play a key role in reducing European energy consumption and consequent emissions. What is more, beyond the opportunity for tackling climate change, thermal retrofits can improve indoor comfort while lowering operational costs, factors that are fundamental to ensure the continued use of historic constructions over time, and with that, improving their preservation and durability. The suitability of thermal insulation for this scope is still a debated topic. Thus, this study aims at contributing to the discussion by providing an overview on the feasibility of adopting thermal insulation for retrofitting external walls of historic buildings while preserving their significance and unique identities. 
  • 1.5K
  • 20 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Formwork System Selection in Building Construction Projects
The formwork system (FWS) gives the geometry and strength required by the reinforced concrete (RC) structure to attain the desired form and structural design properties of the cured concrete.
  • 1.5K
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Pedestrian–Vehicle Interaction at Unsignalized Crosswalks
A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), to generate a document that supports the development of future research, compiling the various studies focused on the analysis of the pedestrian-vehicle interaction at unsignalized crosswalks. Firstly, 381 studies were identified by applying the search protocol in the database sources; however, only nine studies were included in this review because most of the studies are not focused on this type of crosswalks or have not considered the micro-simulation perspective. For each study, an analysis of the used methodology for data collection was carried out, in addition to what type of model it was applied, including the variables that represent the PVI (Pedestrian-Vehicle Interaction). The outcomes obtained by this systematic review show that although the video camera observation technique is the most used, it is possible to complement them with other tools to add specific field information. Additionally, variables such as the adjacent yields, speed variables vehicles, pedestrian attitude, and the number of pedestrians waiting at the crossing were those most used in the cellular automata model or micro-simulation, which are the commonly developed models to simulate this interaction.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Apr 2020
Topic Review
Geopolymers for Engineering Applications
Geopolymers have the impact in global warming and climate change resulting from greenhouse gas emissions. Geopolymers are an effective cementitious binder substitute for cement in various applications.
  • 1.5K
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Integrated HBIM Framework for Management of Heritage Buildings
Heritage buildings are subject to severe damage due to their exposure to dynamics such as environmental changes, earthquakes, structural loads and so on, thus needing a proper maintenance and management system. However, during the restoration, maintenance, and management process, heritage building practitioners face numerous challenges, such as inefficient project management, financial loss, and project delay. These problems arise due to a lack of digital documentation and updated information management systems. Heritage building management still uses traditional management techniques where heritage information is managed using multiple format systems by different professionals, thus missing collaboration, information integration, and interoperability. Building information modeling (BIM) is presented here as a supporting tool to address these issues.
  • 1.5K
  • 18 Jul 2022
Topic Review
BIM Impact on Construction Project Time
Building Information Modeling (BIM), a complete process that can improve every aspect of a project, is crucial in the building sector. BIM makes it feasible for design, construction, and engineering teams to employ digital technologies. It typically produces better results overall.
  • 1.5K
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Use of Steel Slags in Asphalt Pavements
Steel slag is a by-product obtained through the separation of molten steel from impurities in steel-making furnaces. It can be produced by different types of furnaces (blast, basic oxygen, electric arc, ladle furnaces). The reuse of metallurgical slags in road pavements can pursue aims of recycling and environmental sustainability.
  • 1.5K
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Resistance of Concretes to External Chlorides
Corrosion of steel reinforcement due to chloride attack remains a major reinforced concrete durability concern. The problem is prevalent for concrete structures located within marine environments or frost-prone locations where chlorides containing de-icing salts are used. 
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Jan 2023
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