You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Submitted Successfully!
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic. For video creation, please contact our Academic Video Service.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 Musa Adamu -- 3411 2022-06-15 11:28:37 |
2 format Jason Zhu Meta information modification 3411 2022-06-16 04:09:42 |

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Academic Video Service to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Adamu, M.; Alanazi, F.; Ibrahim, Y.; Alanazi, H.; , . Natural Fiber in Cementitious Composites. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/24057 (accessed on 05 December 2025).
Adamu M, Alanazi F, Ibrahim Y, Alanazi H,  . Natural Fiber in Cementitious Composites. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/24057. Accessed December 05, 2025.
Adamu, Musa, Fayez Alanazi, Yasser Ibrahim, Hani Alanazi,  . "Natural Fiber in Cementitious Composites" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/24057 (accessed December 05, 2025).
Adamu, M., Alanazi, F., Ibrahim, Y., Alanazi, H., & , . (2022, June 15). Natural Fiber in Cementitious Composites. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/24057
Adamu, Musa, et al. "Natural Fiber in Cementitious Composites." Encyclopedia. Web. 15 June, 2022.
Natural Fiber in Cementitious Composites
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/su14116691
The use of natural fibers in cementitious composites continue gaining acceptability and applicability due to its advantages over other artificial and synthetic fiber; this is because natural fibers are more economical and environmentally friendly and sustainable. Additionally, their biodegradability, lightweight and lower density, higher strength-to-weight ratio, and non-toxicity give them some advantages when used in place of synthetic fibers such as glass and carbon fibers. Furthermore, the production and processing of natural fibers involve less energy in comparison to other synthetic fibers. As a reference, the processing and production of jute natural finer, requires only about 7% of the energy needed to produce the same weight of polypropylene artificial fibers. Additionally, the production of 1 tons of polypropylene fiber generates about 3.7 tons of CO2, while the jute fiber absorbs CO2. Some of the major shortcomings of using natural fibers are its hydrophobic nature. Another problem related to the use of natural fibers in cement composites is its higher variations in properties, causing erratic cementitious materials properties; these defects need modification for the fiber to be effectively used and enhance the properties of cementitious composites.
Natural Fibers Types Modifications

1. Types of Natural Fibers

Natural fibers are hair-like raw materials of different kinds obtained from various natural sources such as plant, vegetables, animals, and other mineral sources. After obtaining them, they are then formed into fabrics of non-woven type, then processed to threads, ropes, or filaments before using them as fiber materials in cementitious composites [1][2][3].

1.1. Animal Based Natural Fiber

Animal fibers are protein based natural fibers obtained from animal sources and have much limited usage in cementitious composites compared to other types of natural fibers [4][5][6]. Initially animal fibers were obtained from the fur and hair of mammals including horses, goats, and sheep wools. Other sources includes insect’s dried spittle and fluids, bird’s feathers [7].
Narayanan and Kumar [8] characterized wool fiber to produce reinforced composite materials using polyester resin as a base matrix; their findings showed that the compressive strength, impact strength, and hardness of the composite are significantly influenced by the natural fiber and resin composites, and they recommended the usage of the manufactured composite containing wool and glass fibers reinforced with resins for shelf applications.
Alyousef et al. [6] studied the effect of sheep wool fibers (SWF) and modified SWF (MSWF) on the properties of concrete; they added WWF at 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 6% by weight of cement, and prepared other mixes by adding MSWF at 0%, 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% by weight of cement. MWSF was obtained through pretreating the SWF in salty water for 24 h at a temperature range from 22 to 28 °C to improve bonding between the fiber and cement paste; their findings showed that the addition of both SWF and MSWF decreases the workability of the concrete. Similarly, the compressive strength of the concrete decreases with increase in SWF content, where the addition of between 0.5–6% SWF resulted to decrease in range of about 5.5–79.7%, 12.5–75.2%, 9.8–64.3%, 7.7–46.9% and 5.1–61.5%, at 7, 28, 90 and 180 days, respectively. The addition of MWSF also resulted to decrease in compressive strength, but the decrease was less pronounced compared to SWF, where for 0.5–1.5% MSWF addition, the reduction in strength were 7.7–18.8%, 7.8–18.5% and 0.6–15.1% at 7, 14, and 28 days, respectively. On the contrary, the splitting tensile and flexural strengths increased in all cases with the addition of both SWF and MSWF, with the modified fiber concrete having the highest strengths; they also reported improvement in the bonding and adhesion of the fiber with cement paste due to pretreatment which resulted to improved strengths.
Fiore et al. [4] investigated the effect of sheep wool fiber (SWF) as additive on the mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of mortar. Three different fiber lengths, 1 mm, 6 mm, and 20 mm, were used with fiber weight fractions of 46%, 23% and 13%, respectively; their findings showed that SWF, regardless of its content or length, improved the thermal insulation of the mortar. Furthermore, the mechanical properties including the compressive strength of the mortar decreased with the addition of SWF irrespective of the fiber length. The thermal conductivity of the mortar also decreased with the increment in SWF addition, where the shorter fibers have more influence on the reduction of the thermal conductivity compared to the longer ones; they finally concluded that the addition of 13% 6 mm length fiber produced the composite with the highest strength. In a similar study, Manivannan et al. [9] investigated the effects of varying percentages of sheep hair fiber (SHF) on the mechanical performance of sheep hair fiber reinforced polymer (SHFRP); they prepared the composite using weight variations of SHF at 20%, 30% and 40% by weight, and reported improvement in tensile strength and tensile modulus, flexural strength, and impact strength and of the composite with increase in SHF content. The optimum SHF in terms of tensile and flexural strengths was reported to be 40%, while for impact strength and tensile modulus the optimum SHF were 30% and 20%, respectively. Alyousef et al. [10] studied the effect of SWF on the mechanical properties of concrete. Before using the fiber, they pre-treated it by soaking in saline water for 24 h at ambient temperature to remove impurities, improve surface roughness of the fiber to enhance the bonding between the fiber and cement matrix; they added different dosages of the SWF in proportions of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% and 2.5%, and subsequently reported that the concrete produced using the treated SWF had higher mechanical performance in comparison to the concrete with untreated SWF.
Other studies utilized animal based fibers not for cementitious composites but for other applications. Chen et al. [11] used chicken feather for development of poly lactide grafted composites. Sogawa et al. [12] used silk for the production of natural rubber and 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)-Modified Silk/NR Composites. Brenner et al. [13] developed a bio-based polycondensation-type thermoset composites using poultry feather. Pan et al. [14] used spider silk fiber to develop supertough electro-tendons for transmitting actuation forces in robotic hands.

1.2. Plant Based Natural Fibers

Fibers obtained from agricultural products such as trees and vegetables are referred to as plant fibers; these fibers are classified based on their original sources i.e., part of the tree or vegetable. The fibers obtained from the skin or bast around the stem of the tree are referred to as bast fibers. Those obtained from the tree or vegetable leaves are referred to as leaf fibers. Others are seed fibers found from shell or seeds; grass fibers from grass plants; core fibers from plant stalks; root fibers from tuber or roots; fruit fibers from fruit structures [7][15]. Plant fibers are also referred to as cellulose or lignocellulose fibers due to their cellulose and lignin contents as the main chemical composition. Additionally, plant fibers contain hemicellulose and pectin. The hemicellulose is the main compound for thermal degradation and moisture absorption biodegradation of the fiber, while the ultraviolet degradation of the fiber is controlled by the lignin. Plant fibers are mainly used for construction purposes, automotive and aerospace interior designs and parts, and for the manufacture of sport equipment [16][17].

2. Treatment and Modifications of Natural Fibers

Most natural fibers contain chemicals and impurities such as cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, oil, and wax; this significantly affects their performance in terms of improving the mechanical properties and durability performance of cementitious composites [18]. Therefore, to derive the maximum benefits of natural fibers in concrete, researchers developed methods of treating them to remove the chemicals and impurities before applying in concrete and mortar. Several studies used different methods to treat the fibers before applying in cementitious composites. Pehanich et al. [19] applied some chemical treatments to the fibers and reported improved mechanical performance. Castellano et al. [20] and Abdelmouleh et al. [21] reduced the hydrophilic nature of the fibers using organofunctional silane coupling agents. Arsène et al. [22] used pyrolysis process to treat the fibers, and they reported improvement in the fiber strength by up to three times. Khelifa et al. [23] treated the natural fiber using different concentrations of NaOH at different times; they found that treating the fiber using 3% NaOH concentration for 3 h resulted to improvement of the mechanical properties of the fiber reinforced composites. Benaimeche et al. [24] and Vantadori et al. [25] submerged the natural fibers in water for 24 h at room temperature, after which they air dried it to reduce the hydrophilic nature of the fiber and prevent it from absorbing mixing water during casting. Ali-Boucetta et al. [26] carried out three different methods for treating natural fiber before applying in concrete. The methods were boiling, treatment using NaOH and using polymer surface method by applying linseed oil. Their findings showed that boiling the fiber for 3 h in water, treating using 3% NaOH concentration and surface treatment using 1.5% linseed oil/fiber ratio produced the optimum results in terms of setting time and tensile strength. The best improvement was obtained when treated using NaOH and least or non-improvement was when surface treated with linseed oil.

3. Plant-Based Natural Fibers in Cementitious Composites

Plant-based natural fibers have been used in cementitious composites such as concrete, mortar and geopolymer due to its advantages, availability, and less cost. Several studies reported improvement in concrete’s properties which includes compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, impact resistance, energy absorption capacity, ductility, fracture toughness, reduction of propagation of crack growth and sizes with the addition of fibers, such as sisal fibers [27][28][29][30], coir and coconut fiber [27][31][32][33][34], jute fiber [35][36][37][38][39], basalt fiber [40][41][42][43], kenaf fiber [31][32][44][45], bamboo fiber [46][47][48][49][50][51][52], flax fiber [53][54][55], etc.
Asim et al. [56] studied the effects of natural fibers on the strengths and thermal insulation properties of concrete; they added four different fibers (sugar cane, jute, sisal, and coconut) in four different percentages i.e., 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% by weight of cement. Their results findings showed that the thermal conductivity of the concrete decreased with a percentage increment of any type of fiber, with coconut fiber giving the optimum enhancement in thermal insulation with improvement ranging between 6.5–17.4%. In terms of thermal degradation at a temperature range between 30–250 °C, the coconut fiber has the maximum degradation in the composite with about 8.9% of the total mass, followed by jute, sugar cane and sisal; however, within the normal or practical temperature between 30–50 °C, sugar cane and jute fiber reinforced concretes have lower thermal degradation compared to the plain concrete in terms of ultimate compressive strength, addition of 2.5% coconut and jute fibers increased the strengths of the composite by 3.7% and 6.7%, respectively; however, for higher percentage addition of these fibers, and addition of the other fibers, the compressive strength decreased with an increase in fiber content.
Khan et al. [57] examined the effect of coconut fiber addition on the properties of silica fume modified concrete for road applications. The replaced cement with silica fume at 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight; they added 5 cm length coconut fiber in proportion of 2% by weight of cementitious materials, and found that the addition of 2% coconut fiber increases the compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and total energy absorption by 19%, 29% and 31%, respectively, for concrete containing 15% silica fume. Similarly, the splitting tensile strength splitting tensile energy absorption and split-tensile toughness index improved by 20%, 29% and 4%, respectively, for concrete containing 15% silica fume; they further revealed that the thickness of the concrete pavement can be reduced by up to 8% when 15% silica fume is used in combination with 2% coconut fiber in the concrete.
Kesikidou and Stefanidou [58] added three natural fibers in cement and lime mortar. The fibers which include jute, coconut and kelp were added at 1.5% by volume of the mortar, each having 1 cm length. The flexural strength and fracture energy of the fiber reinforced cement mortar improved with addition of any type of the fiber. An increase in flexural strength by 28%, 24% and 16% was observed for kelp, coconut, and jute fibers, respectively. For lime mortar, the flexural strength of jute fiber composite improved three times more than the plain mortar. For coconut and kelp lime mortar, the flexural strength improved by 90% and 77%, respectively, compared to the plain lime mortar. Additionally, after crack formation and fracture, the fiber reinforced mortar still retained its shape stability. In terms of compressive strength, the addition of any type of the three fibers decreased the strength of the cement mortar by up to 15%, which was attributed to the excess porosity caused by the increased mixing water after it has evaporated. For lime mortar, the addition of kelp and jute fibers increased the compressive strength by almost four times, while, with the addition of coconut fiber, a 63% increase was observed. The increase in strength for the lime mortar was attributed to the fact that cellulose rich fibers have works better with lime than lignin-rich fibers.
Castillo-Lara et al. [59] investigated the effect of natural fiber addition in foamed concrete; they added natural fiber from henequen plant (henequen fiber) in proportions of 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% by volume, and reported increased compressive strength, tensile strength and plastic behavior and post cracking ductility of the foamed concrete with addition of the fiber. The plastic behavior and high energy absorption of the foamed concrete with addition of the fiber was attributed to the higher ductile behavior and the toughness of the fiber which gives it the ability to bridge crack and reduce brittleness of the concrete. Wongsa et al. [60] investigated the effect of natural fiber addition on the properties of high calcium fly ash geopolymer mortar, where they incorporated sisal and coconut fibers with varying proportions of 0%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1.0% volume fraction; they compared the results of the natural fiber addition with that of synthetic fiber (glass fiber) and plain geopolymer mortar. The addition of both natural fibers and glass fiber decreases the workability of the geopolymer mortar. The flow of geopolymer mortar containing sisal, coconut, and glass fiber ranges between 22–54%, 55–97% and 27–65%, respectively, when compared to the plain geopolymer with 132%; they attributed the decrease in workability with addition of fibers to the irregular stripes, porosity texture and rough surface of the fibers. Furthermore, the splitting tensile and flexural strengths of the geopolymer mortar improved with increase in addition of any of the fiber type, which was due to the higher elasticity and tensile strength of the fiber, and due to stress transfer between the specimen to the fiber through the geopolymer matrix interface. Natural fibers geopolymer exhibit higher flexural strength than glass fibers. The flexural strength of geopolymer with sisal and coconut fibers ranges between 5.3–6.6 MPa, while that with glass fiber range between 3.1–3.7 MPa against 3.1 MPa for plain geopolymer mortar. Okeola et al. [61] incorporated sisal fibers into concrete, where they added different proportions of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2% by weight of cement; they reported improvement in the splitting tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of concrete with addition of sisal fiber; however, they observed decrease in workability, compressive strength, and water absorption of the concrete with increase in sisal fiber addition
Khaleel et al. [62] examined the effect of addition of jute fibers on the mechanical. properties of masonry bricks; they applied a thin layer of mortar to all the surfaces of the masonry prisms, after which they applied jute fibers by hand pressing so that the jute fiber goes into the mortar, then, they applied another layer of mortar to the wrapped fiber to cover it completely. Then, they prepared other composite using different jute fiber thickness, and reported improvement in the compressive strength of the jute fiber bonded prisms by 13% and 28% for the two fiber thicknesses compared to the unreinforced composite. Additionally, the flexural strengths of the fiber composites measured in terms of load carrying capacity improved by about 3.54 and 5.5 times for the two jute fibers thicknesses compared to the unreinforced composite. Furthermore, the energy absorption capacity of the composite significantly improved with the addition of the jute fiber, where there is increase in shear bod strength by 96% compared to the unreinforced composites.
Razmi and Mirsayar [63] studied the fracture properties of jute fiber reinforced concrete; they added 20 mm length jute fibers in proportions of 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% by weight of cementitious materials, and reported improvement in fracture toughness with the addition of 0.1% jute fiber by up to 45% compared to plain concrete. Fiber content above 3%, however, does not improve the fracture toughness of the concrete. Additionally, the addition of jute fibers significantly improves the cracking resistance of the concrete by restraining crack growth. The addition of jute fiber increased the compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strengths of the concrete. The compressive strength increased in the range of 10% to 37% with the addition of 0.1% to 0.5% jute fibers. The splitting tensile strength increased by 5%, 10% and 17% with the addition of 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% jute fibers, respectively, compared to the unreinforced concrete. While for flexural strength, there was an increment in the range of 5% to 10% with the addition of 0.1% to 0.5% jute fibers; they attributed the improvement in strengths to the ability of the fiber to retrain crack propagation and growth which resulted to reduced stress concentration due to crack tightening and hence improved strengths.
Zhou et al. [64] investigated the effect of kenaf fiber (KF) on the mechanical performance of high strength concrete; they prepared three concrete grades A, B and C using 0.25, 0.3 and 0.55 water-cement ratios, respectively. For each concrete grade they added KF in proportions of 0%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% by weight of cement; they reported decrease in compressive strength with addition of KF, which was more pronounced in the higher strength concrete (Grade A). There was a reduction in strength with addition of 1%, 1.5% and 2% KF by 19.5%, 30.9% and 46.2%, respectively for grade A concrete, 17.9%, 21% and 36.5%, respectively, for grade B, and 12.2%, 19.5% and 33.7%, respectively, for grade C. The decrease in compressive strength was attributed to the weak bonding and interfacial transition zone between the cement matrix and KF. On the contrary, the addition of KF increased the flexural strengths for all the concrete’s grades. The addition of 1%, 1.5% and 2% increased the flexural strength of grade A by 47.9%, 32% and 30.7%, respectively, for grade B by 66.8%, 56.4% and 48.3%, respectively, and grade C by 46.5%, 47.5% and 45.3%, respectively, compared to unreinforced concrete. The increase in flexural strength was attributed to the bridging effects of the laterally distributed fibers which resulted to slowing cracks development; they further reported improved ductility of the concrete with increased KF content which was more pronounced on the lower grade concrete (A). Additionally, there was significant enhancement of flexural toughness by 0.7–1.7 times more than that of the unreinforced concrete which increased with increment in fiber content.
Gupta and Kumar [65] Investigated the effect of coir fiber addition on the strength and abrasion resistance of nano silica modified concrete; they added different variations of coir fibers (0.25%, 0.5% and 0.75% by weight of fine aggregate) in concrete containing 2% and 3% nano silica with 15% fly ash as SCM, and reported decrease in the concrete’s slump with increase in fiber content. The addition of coir fiber up to 0.5% resulted to increment in compressive strength for all nano silica contents but was more pronounced on concrete containing 3% nano silica. In terms of abrasion resistance, it decreases with increment in coir fiber content for all percentages of nano silica, which implied that coir fiber was not able to fill the voids within the concrete matrix, thereby resulting to lower abrasion. Maier et al. [66] investigated the effect of bamboo fiber (BBF) on the mechanical performance and flexural behavior of fiber reinforced mortar; they added two sizes of BBF i.e., 500 µm and 300 µm in different proportion of 4%, 6% and 8% by volume of concrete. Before adding they treated the BBF by heating it in water for 72 h at 85 °C and then drying for 24 h at 80 °C to reduce the lignin content. After which they subject to BBF to alkaline treatment by stirring it in Ca(OH)2 (lime) solution for 2 h and then dried for 24 h before applying to the concrete; they reported less decrease in compressive strength with addition of BBF, where 300 µm BBF addition reduced the strength by 7.8–19.9%, and 500 µm decreased strength by 9.1–27%. The reduction in strength was attributed to the lower mechanical properties of the BBF in addition to its aspect ratio influence. The splitting tensile strength also decreases with increase in addition of BBF, which was more pronounced with addition of 500 µm BBF. A reduction in the range of 6.9–31.9% was reported for the split tensile strength. Furthermore, the strain softening behavior, crack bridging effect, post cracking behavior and flexural toughness of the concrete improved with increase in addition of BBF.
Zhou [67] studied the effect of natural hemp fiber (NHF) treatment on the properties of fiber reinforced concrete; they treated the NHF using alkali Ca(OH)2 before adding to the concrete, and prepared two fiber composites using the treated and untreated NHF of length 15 mm and 1% volume content. The findings revealed that treating the NHF increases its surface roughness which consequently enhanced the adhesion and interfacial bond between the fiber and cement matrix. Furthermore, there was increased in early strength at 7 and 14 days when treated NHF was added compared to untreated NHF. There was also significant improvement in ductile behavior, fracture toughness and energy absorption with addition of NHF, which was more pronounced when treated NHF was added.

References

  1. Vijayan, R.; Krishnamoorthy, A. Review on Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites. Mater. Today Proc. 2019, 16, 897–906.
  2. Kerni, L.; Singh, S.; Patnaik, A.; Kumar, N. A review on natural fiber reinforced composites. Mater. Today Proc. 2020, 28, 1616–1621.
  3. Verma, D.; Senal, I. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites: Feasibiliy study for sustainable automotive industries. In Biomass, Biopolymer-Based Materials, and Bioenergy; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2019; pp. 103–122.
  4. Fiore, V.; Di Bella, G.; Valenza, A. Effect of sheep wool fibers on thermal insulation and mechanical properties of cement-based composites. J. Nat. Fibers 2019, 17, 1532–1543.
  5. Valenza, A.; Fiore, V.; Nicolosi, A.; Rizzo, G.; Scaccianoce, G.; Di Bella, G. Effect of sheep wool fibres on thermal-insulation and mechanical properties of cement matrix. Acad. J. Civ. Eng. 2015, 33, 40–45.
  6. Alyousef, R.; Alabduljabbar, H.; Mohammadhosseini, H.; Mohamed, A.M.; Siddika, A.; Alrshoudi, F.; Alaskar, A. Utilization of sheep wool as potential fibrous materials in the production of concrete composites. J. Build. Eng. 2020, 30, 101216.
  7. Rocha, D.B.; dos Santos Rosa, D. Natural fibre composites: Processing, fabrication and applications. In Fundamentals of Natural Fibres and Textiles; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2021; pp. 179–220.
  8. Narayanan, G.S.; Kumar, K.S. Study of mechanical properties of the polymer matrix composite material (solid wool). Mater. Today Proc. 2020, 33, 2907–2911.
  9. Manivannan, J.; Rajesh, S.; Mayandi, K.; Rajini, N.; Ismail, S.O.; Mohammad, F.; Kuzman, M.K.; Al-Lohedan, H.A. Animal fiber characterization and fiber loading effect on mechanical behaviors of sheep wool fiber reinforced polyester composites. J. Nat. Fibers 2020, 1–17.
  10. Alyousef, R.; Mohammadhosseini, H.; Deifalla, A.F.; Ngian, S.P.; Alabduljabbar, H.; Mohamed, A.M. Synergistic effects of modified sheep wool fibers on impact resistance and strength properties of concrete composites. Constr. Build. Mater. 2022, 336, 127550.
  11. Chen, S.; Hori, N.; Kajiyama, M.; Takemura, A. Compatibilities and properties of poly lactide/poly (methyl acrylate) grafted chicken feather composite: Effects of graft chain length. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48981.
  12. Sogawa, H.; Korawit, T.; Masunaga, H.; Numata, K. Silk/Natural Rubber (NR) and 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)-Modified Silk/NR Composites: Synthesis, Secondary Structure, and Mechanical Properties. Molecules 2020, 25, 235.
  13. Brenner, M.; Popescu, C.; Weichold, O. Anti-Frothing Effect of Poultry Feathers in Bio-Based, Polycondensation-Type Thermoset Composites. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 2150.
  14. Pan, L.; Wang, F.; Cheng, Y.; Leow, W.R.; Zhang, Y.-W.; Wang, M.; Cai, P.; Ji, B.; Li, D.; Chen, X. A supertough electro-tendon based on spider silk composites. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 1332.
  15. Zaini, E.; Azaman; Jamali, M.; Ismail, K. Synthesis and characterization of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites as core for honeycomb core structure: A review. J. Sandw. Struct. Mater. 2018, 22, 525–550.
  16. Hiremath, S.S. Natural fiber reinforced composites in the context of biodegradability: A review. In Encyclopedia of Renewable and Sustainable Materials-Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2020; pp. 160–178.
  17. Praharaj, S.; Rout, D.; Nayak, R. Synergistic effect of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite. In Hybrid Natural Fiber Composites; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2021; pp. 145–165.
  18. Asim, M.; Paridah, M.; Jawaid, M.; Nasir, M.; Saba, N. (Eds.) Physical and Flammability Properties of Kenaf and Pineapple Leaf Fibre Hybrid Composites. In Materials Science and Engineering; IOP Conference Series; IOP Publishing: Bristol, UK, 2018.
  19. Pehanich, J.L.; Blankenhorn, P.R.; Silsbee, M.R. Wood fiber surface treatment level effects on selected mechanical properties of wood fiber–cement composites. Cem. Concr. Res. 2004, 34, 59–65.
  20. Castellano, M.; Gandini, A.; Fabbri, P.; Belgacem, M. Modification of cellulose fibres with organosilanes: Under what conditions does coupling occur? J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2004, 273, 505–511.
  21. Abdelmouleh, M.; Boufi, S.; Belgacem, M.N.; Dufresne, A.; Gandini, A. Modification of cellulose fibers with functionalized silanes: Effect of the fiber treatment on the mechanical performances of cellulose-thermoset composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2005, 98, 974–984.
  22. Arsène, M.-A.; Okwo, A.; Bilba, K.; Soboyejo, A.; Soboyejo, W. Chemically and thermally treated vegetable fibers for reinforcement of cement-based composites. Mater. Manuf. Processes 2007, 22, 214–227.
  23. Khelifa, H.; Bezazi, A.; Boumediri, H.; del Pino, G.G.; Reis, P.N.; Scarpa, F.; Dufresne, A. Mechanical characterization of mortar reinforced by date palm mesh fibers: Experimental and statistical analysis. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 300, 124067.
  24. Benaimeche, O.; Carpinteri, A.; Mellas, M.; Ronchei, C.; Scorza, D.; Vantadori, S. The influence of date palm mesh fibre reinforcement on flexural and fracture behaviour of a cement-based mortar. Compos. Part B Eng. 2018, 152, 292–299.
  25. Vantadori, S.; Carpinteri, A.; Zanichelli, A. Lightweight construction materials: Mortar reinforced with date-palm mesh fibres. Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech. 2019, 100, 39–45.
  26. Ali-Boucetta, T.; Ayat, A.; Laifa, W.; Behim, M. Treatment of date palm fibres mesh: Influence on the rheological and mechanical properties of fibre-cement composites. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 273, 121056.
  27. Krishna, N.K.; Prasanth, M.; Gowtham, R.; Karthic, S.; Mini, K.M. Enhancement of properties of concrete using natural fibers. Mater. Today Proc. 2018, 5, 23816–23823.
  28. Sabarish, K.V.; Paul, P.; Bhuvaneshwari; Jones, J. An experimental investigation on properties of sisal fiber used in the concrete. Mater. Today Proc. 2020, 22, 439–443.
  29. Okeola, A.A.; Abuodha, S.O.; Mwero, J. The effect of specimen shape on the mechanical properties of sisal fiber-reinforced Concrete. Open Civ. Eng. J. 2018, 12, 368–382.
  30. Sabapathy, Y.; Sajeevan, R.; Rekha, J.; Vishal, V.; Sabarish, S.; Revathy, D. Impact resistance of sisal fiber reinforced concrete. Int. J. Eng. Technol. 2018, 7, 742–745.
  31. Sivakumaresa Chockalingam, L.N.; Rymond, N.M. Strength and Durability Characteristics of Coir, Kenaf and Polypropylene Fibers Reinforced High Performance Concrete. J. Nat. Fibers 2021, 1–9.
  32. Aziz, A.N.A.; Hamid, R. Mechanical properties and impact resistance of hybrid kenaf and coir fibre reinforced concrete. J. Adv. Res. Appl. Mech. 2018, 47, 1–10.
  33. Yadav, S.K.; Singh, A. An Experimental Study on Coconut Fiber Reinforced Concrete. Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol. 2019, 6, 2250–2254.
  34. Zhang, L.; Jiang, Z.; Zhang, W.; Peng, S.; Chen, P. Flexural Properties and Microstructure Mechanisms of Renewable Coir-Fiber-Reinforced Magnesium Phosphate Cement-Based Composite Considering Curing Ages. Polymers 2020, 12, 2556.
  35. Zakaria, M.; Ahmed, M.; Hoque, M.; Shaid, A. A comparative study of the mechanical properties of jute fiber and yarn reinforced concrete composites. J. Nat. Fibers 2018, 17, 676–687.
  36. Jirawattanasomkul, T.; Likitlersuang, S.; Wuttiwannasak, N.; Ueda, T.; Zhang, D.; Shono, M. Structural behaviour of pre-damaged reinforced concrete beams strengthened with natural fibre reinforced polymer composites. Compos. Struct. 2020, 244, 112309.
  37. Hussain, T.; Ali, M. Improving the impact resistance and dynamic properties of jute fiber reinforced concrete for rebars design by considering tension zone of FRC. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 213, 592–607.
  38. Nambiar, R.A.; Haridharan, M. Mechanical and durability study of high performance concrete with addition of natural fiber (jute). Mater. Today Proc. 2021, 46, 4941–4947.
  39. Islam, M.S.; Ahmed, S.J. Influence of jute fiber on concrete properties. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 189, 768–776.
  40. Zhou, H.; Jia, B.; Huang, H.; Mou, Y. Experimental Study on Basic Mechanical Properties of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Concrete. Materials 2020, 13, 1362.
  41. Zhang, H.; Wang, B.; Xie, A.; Qi, Y. Experimental study on dynamic mechanical properties and constitutive model of basalt fiber reinforced concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 152, 154–167.
  42. Wang, X.; He, J.; Mosallam, A.S.; Li, C.; Xin, H. The Effects of Fiber Length and Volume on Material Properties and Crack Resistance of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Concrete (BFRC). Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2019, 2019, 1–17.
  43. Sohail, M.G.; Alnahhal, W.; Taha, A.; Abdelaal, K. Sustainable alternative aggregates: Characterization and influence on mechanical behavior of basalt fiber reinforced concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 255, 119365.
  44. Pirmohammad, S.; Shokorlou, Y.M.; Amani, B. Laboratory investigations on fracture toughness of asphalt concretes reinforced with carbon and kenaf fibers. Eng. Fract. Mech. 2020, 226, 106875.
  45. Mohsin, S.S.; Baarimah, A.; Jokhio, G. (Eds.) Effect of Kenaf Fiber in Reinforced Concrete Slab. In Materials Science and Engineering; IOP Conference Series; IOP Publishing: Bristol, UK, 2018.
  46. Dewi, S.M.; Wijaya, M.N. (Eds.) The use of bamboo fiber in reinforced concrete beam to reduce crack. In AIP Conference Proceedings; AIP Publishing LLC: Melville, NY, USA, 2017.
  47. Gupta, D.K.; Singh, R. An Experimental Evaluation of Compressive Strength and Flexural Strength of Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Concrete. Carbon 2018, 1, 200.
  48. Kumarasamy, K.; Shyamala, G.; Gebreyowhanse, H. (Eds.) Strength Properties of Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Concrete. In Materials Science and Engineering; IOP Conference Series; IOP Publishing: Bristol, UK, 2020.
  49. Ede, A.N.; Olofinnade, O.M.; Joshua, O.; Nduka, D.O.; Oshogbunu, O.A. Influence of bamboo fiber and limestone powder on the properties of self-compacting concrete. Cogent Eng. 2020, 7, 1721410.
  50. Mali, P.R.; Datta, D. Experimental evaluation of bamboo reinforced concrete beams. J. Build. Eng. 2020, 28, 101071.
  51. Zhang, K.; Sun, Y.; Wang, F.; Liang, W.; Wang, Z. Progressive Failure and Energy Absorption of Chopped Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Polybenzoxazine Composite under Impact Loadings. Polymers 2020, 12, 1809.
  52. Ramesh, M.; Deepa, C.; Ravanan, A. Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Concrete Composites. In Bamboo Fiber Composites; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2021; pp. 127–145.
  53. Huang, K.; Rammohan, A.V.; Kureemun, U.; Teo, W.S.; Tran, L.Q.N.; Lee, H.P. Shock wave impact behavior of flax fiber reinforced polymer composites. Compos. Part B Eng. 2016, 102, 78–85.
  54. Mak, K.; Fam, A. Freeze-thaw cycling effect on tensile properties of unidirectional flax fiber reinforced polymers. Compos. Part B Eng. 2019, 174, 106960.
  55. Akın, E.; Rashidi, M. Axial behavior of concrete confined with flax fiber-reinforced polymers. Mater. Today Commun. 2021, 28, 102646.
  56. Asim, M.; Uddin, G.M.; Jamshaid, H.; Raza, A.; Hussain, U.; Satti, A.N.; Hayat, N.; Arafat, S.M. Comparative experimental investigation of natural fibers reinforced light weight concrete as thermally efficient building materials. J. Build. Eng. 2020, 31, 101411.
  57. Khan, M.; Rehman, A.; Ali, M. Efficiency of silica-fume content in plain and natural fiber reinforced concrete for concrete road. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 244, 118382.
  58. Kesikidou, F.; Stefanidou, M. Natural fiber-reinforced mortars. J. Build. Eng. 2019, 25, 100786.
  59. Castillo-Lara, J.F.; Flores-Johnson, E.A.; Valadez-Gonzalez, A.; Herrera-Franco, P.J.; Carrillo, J.G.; Gonzalez-Chi, P.I.; Li, Q.M. Mechanical Properties of Natural Fiber Reinforced Foamed Concrete. Materials 2020, 13, 3060.
  60. Wongsa, A.; Kunthawatwong, R.; Naenudon, S.; Sata, V.; Chindaprasirt, P. Natural fiber reinforced high calcium fly ash geopolymer mortar. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 241, 118143.
  61. Okeola, A.A.; Abuodha, S.O.; Mwero, J. Experimental investigation of the physical and mechanical properties of sisal fiber-reinforced concrete. Fibers 2018, 6, 53.
  62. Khaleel, S.; Madhavi, K.; Basutkar, S. Mechanical characteristics of brick masonry using natural fiber composites. Mater. Today Proc. 2020, 46, 4817–4824.
  63. Razmi, A.; Mirsayar, M. On the mixed mode I/II fracture properties of jute fiber-reinforced concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 148, 512–520.
  64. Zhou, C.; Cai, L.; Chen, Z.; Li, J. Effect of kenaf fiber on mechanical properties of high-strength cement composites. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 263, 121007.
  65. Gupta, M.; Kumar, M. Effect of nano silica and coir fiber on compressive strength and abrasion resistance of Concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 226, 44–50.
  66. Maier, M.; Javadian, A.; Saeidi, N.; Unluer, C.; Taylor, H.K.; Ostertag, C.P. Mechanical properties and flexural behavior of sustainable bamboo fiber-reinforced mortar. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 6587.
  67. Zhou, X.; Saini, H.; Kastiukas, G. Engineering Properties of Treated Natural Hemp Fiber-Reinforced Concrete. Front. Built Environ. 2017, 3, 33.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Engineering, Civil
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register : Musa Adamu , Fayez Alanazi , Yasser Ibrahim , Hani Alanazi ,
View Times: 1.5K
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 16 Jun 2022
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Notice
    You are not a member of the advisory board for this topic. If you want to update advisory board member profile, please contact office@encyclopedia.pub.
    OK
    Confirm
    Only members of the Encyclopedia advisory board for this topic are allowed to note entries. Would you like to become an advisory board member of the Encyclopedia?
    Yes
    No
    Academic Video Service
    Feedback