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Topic Review
Bulk and Microfluidic-Based pH Sensors
The determination of pH is of paramount importance in environmental, pharmaceutical, and medicinal sciences, etc., for accurate controlling, monitoring, and adjusting whole processes on microscale and macroscale. Therefore, the pH measurements have drawn continuous efforts from a great deal of research. The bulk pH determination can tackle part of the demands from laboratories and industrial applications.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Intelligent Sensor arrays for Early Detection of Diabetes
At present, it is unquestionable that machine learning (ML) modeling is one of the most promising and powerful tools for the development of diagnosis methods and technologies. It permits the fast cribbage and analysis of huge amounts of data from overwhelmingly complex biological matrices which, applied to diagnostics, can be translated into valuable support technologies that would ease rapid decision-making in early diagnosis and screening programs. It has been seen that one can find a great number of colorimetric and electrochemical sensing methods for the detection of biomarkers related to diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetic rethinopathy (DR), including some recent efforts towards the development of sensor-array technologies exploiting or not ML models for the sensing of diverse biomarkers and for diagnose purposes (including DM). 
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
SPE/DLLME for Determining Plasticizer Residues
This entry aims to compare two extraction procedures for the analysis of phthalates (PAE) in hot drinks collected from vending machines, usually coffee and tea. The two analytical procedures rely on solid phase extraction (SPE) using C18 cartridge and ultrasound and vortex assisted liquid-liquid dispersive microextraction (DLLME) to mechanically improve dispersion, each followed by a routine analytical method such as GC- FID. Seven phthalates (DMP, DEP, DiBP, DBP, DEHP, DOP, DDP) were analyzed and determined. All analytical parameters (i.e., recovery, limit of detection, limit of quantification, enrichment factors, repeatability, reproducibility) were studied and discussed, as well as the matrix effect. The whole procedure was applied to hot drink matrices, for example coffee, decaffeinated coffee.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Ergot Alkaloids on Cereals and Seeds
Ergot alkaloids are secondary metabolites resulting from fungi of the genus Claviceps that have proven to be highly toxic. These mycotoxins commonly infect cereal crops such as wheat, rye, barley, and oats. Due to the increase worldwide consumption of cereal and cereal-based products, the presence of ergot alkaloids in food presents a concern for human safety. For this reason, it is essential to develop several analytical methods that allow the detection of these toxic compounds. 
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Electric Field Catalytic Reactions
The role of catalysis in controlling chemical reactions is crucial. As an important external stimulus regulatory tool, electric field (EF) catalysis enables further possibilities for chemical reaction regulation. The regulation mechanism of electric fields and electrons on chemical reactions has been modeled. The electric field at the single-molecule electronic scale provides a powerful theoretical weapon to explore the dynamics of individual chemical reactions. The combination of electric fields and single-molecule electronic techniques not only uncovers new principles but also results in the regulation of chemical reactions at the single-molecule scale. 
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Aptamer-Based Biosensors for Bisphenol A in Foodstuffs
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic compound utilized to manufacture plastics for Food Contact Materials (FCMs) or resins for the inside of food containers. Since it was recognized as an Endocrine-Disrupting Chemical (EDC), its implications in pathologies, such as cancer, obesity, diabetes, immune system alterations, and developmental and mental disorders, have been widely documented. Diet is considered the main source of exposure for humans to BPA. Consequently, continuous monitoring of the levels of BPA in foods is necessary to assess the risk associated with its consumption in one’s diet. 
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Photoresponsive Metal-Organic Frameworks
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a type of crystalline porous material having organic ligands connected to metal clusters. This type of material shows a terrific design adaptability due to the almost unlimited combinations of metallic salts and organic ligands. Several scientists have been attracted by this important part of reticular chemistry, probably due to the fact that the researcher’s inventiveness is the only limitation in this research field. Thus, different research groups have greatly contributed to the exponential growth of this area, using these materials in a diverse range of applications, including catalysis, water harvesting, biomedicine and sensing. The easy and remote switching of light makes this stimulus an ideal candidate for a large number of applications, among which the preparation of photoresponsive materials stands out. The interest of several scientists in this area in order to achieve improved functionalities has increased parallel to the growth of the structural complexity of these materials. Thus, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) turned out to be ideal scaffolds for light-responsive ligands.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Flavors in Extra Virgin Olive Oil Shelf-Life
Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is one of the most distinctive ingredients of the Mediterranean diet. There are many properties related to this golden ingredient, from supreme organoleptic characteristics to benefits for human health. EVOO contains in its composition molecules capable of exerting bioactivities such as cardio protection, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer activity, among others, mainly caused by unsaturated fatty acids and certain minor compounds such as tocopherols or phenolic compounds. EVOO is considered the highest quality vegetable oil, which also implies a high sensory quality. The organoleptic properties related to the flavor of this valued product are also due to the presence of a series of compounds in its composition, mainly some carbonyl compounds found in the volatile fraction, although some minor compounds such as phenolic compounds also contribute.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Ferrofluids
Ferrofluids (FFs) are stable and quite homogeneous colloidal dispersions of ferromagnetic nanoparticles in a solvent referred to as the carrier.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 May 2021
Topic Review
Olive Polyphenols Antioxidant Properties
Oxidative stress and inflammation triggered by increased oxidative stress are the cause of many chronic diseases. The lack of anti-inflammatory drugs without side-effects has stimulated the search for new active substances. Plant-derived compounds provide new potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant molecules. Natural products are structurally optimized by evolution to serve particular biological functions, including the regulation of endogenous defense mechanisms and interaction with other organisms. This property explains their relevance for infectious diseases and cancer. Recently, among the various natural substances, polyphenols from extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), an important element of the Mediterranean diet, have aroused growing interest
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Rapid Discrimination of Citrus reticulata ‘Chachi’ by ESI-IM-HRMS
 A common idea is that some dishonest businessmen often disguise Citrus reticulata Blanco varieties as Citrus reticulata ‘Chachi’, which places consumers at risk of economic losses.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography
Two-dimensional liquid chromatography has deservedly won a dominant position in the family of (liquid chromatography) LC techniques. Even though liquid chromatography has great flexibility, regarding the different forms in which it has prevailed and the variety of samples it can analyze, it is unable to provide high resolving power in a short period of time. It is not able to deal with two types of mixtures: those consisting of thousands of analytes such as biological samples and those consisting of closely related compounds which cannot be separated by their physicochemical properties, such as enantiomers.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Photocatalyzed Production of Urea Using TiO2–Based Materials
Urea has been widely used in the agricultural industry as a fertilizer. It represents more than 50% of the nitrogen fertilizer market, and its global demand has increased more than 100 times in the last decades. In energy terms, urea has been considered a hydrogen–storage (6.71 wt.%) and ammonia–storage (56.7 wt.%) compound, giving it fuel potential. Urea properties meet the requirements of the US Department of Energy for hydrogen–storage substances, meanly because urea crystalizes, allowing storage and safe transportation. Conventional industrial urea synthesis is energy–intensive (3.2–5.5 GJ ton-1) since it requires high pressures and temperatures, so developing a photocatalyzed synthesis using TiO2 (Titanium dioxide) at ambient temperature and pressure is an attractive alternative to conventional synthesis. 
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Solid-Phase Extraction/Pre-Concentration Strategies for Drug Analysis
Despite the fact that strong routine separation methodologies can give reliable specificity and validity at usual working pharmaceutical concentrations, they may fail at very low concentration levels. This poses considerable challenges for researchers investigating product purity and therapeutic drug monitoring. Sensitivity enhancement procedures are thus required to maximize the performance of separation techniques. Solid-phase extraction/solid-phase enrichment (SPE/SPEn) and pre-, post-, and in-column derivatization, as well as the use of sensitive detection devices, are the simplest strategies for improving sensitivity of separation-based analytical techniques. Large-volume injection of samples with online SPE/SPEn coupled with separation techniques increased sensitivity and improved detection as well as quantification limits without affecting peak shape and system performance. 
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Shoppers Investigated by FTIR Spectroscopy
In the recent years, plastic-based shopping bags have become irregular and progressively replaced by compostable ones. To be marketed, these “new plastics” must possess suitable requirements verified by specific bodies, which grant the conformity mark, and the approved physicochemical properties are periodically verified. The fast, inexpensive, non-destructive, easy to use, and reproducible Fourier-Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a technique routinely applied to perform analysis in various industrial sectors. To get reliable information from spectral data, chemometric methods, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), are commonly suggested. In this context, PCA was herein performed on 4, 5, and 21 × 3251 matrices, collecting the FTIR data from regular and irregular shopping bags, including three freshly extruded films from the Italian industry MecPlast, to predict their compliance with legislation. The results allowed us to unequivocally achieve such information and to classify the bags as suitable for containing fresh food in bulk or only for transport. A self-validated linear model was developed capable to estimate, by acquiring a single FTIR spectrum if, after the productive process, the content of renewable poly-lactic-acid (PLA) in a new produced film respect the expectations. Surprisingly, our findings established that among the grocery bags available on the market, irregular plastic-based shopping bags continue to survive.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Activated Furans for Colorimetric Sensing
Bioactive amines are highly relevant for clinical and industrial application to ensure the metabolic status of a biological process. Apart from this, generally, amine identification is a key step in various bioorganic processes ranging from protein chemistry to biomaterial fabrication. However, many amines have a negative impact on the environment and the excess intake of amines can have tremendous adverse health effects. Thus, easy, fast, sensitive, and reliable sensing methods for amine identification are strongly searched for. A newly emerging activated furan, Meldrum’s acid furfural conjugate (MAFC), or otherwise called MAF, can be used as a colorimetric detecting agent for primary and secondary amines, which can be easily synthesized via the Knoevenagel condensation of simple and inexpensive precursors, 2-furfural and Meldrum’s acid.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
MIECs for Food Safety and Drug Detection
Due to their advantages of good flexibility, low cost, simple operations, and small equipment size, electrochemical sensors have been commonly employed in food safety. However, when they are applied to detect various food or drug samples, their stability and specificity can be greatly influenced by the complex matrix. By combining electrochemical sensors with molecular imprinting techniques (MIT), they will be endowed with new functions of specific recognition and separation, which make them powerful tools in analytical fields. MIT-based electrochemical sensors (MIECs) require preparing or modifying molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) on the electrode surface. MIECs behave promisingly in applications in food and drug safety detection.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Targeted Metabolomics Induced by Microplastics
It has been reported that microplastics (MPs)  are present in several organs in different species, including the liver, intestines, kidney, and other organs, where they have the potential to cause detrimental effects such as disrupting endocrine regulation, neurotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity. Therefore, metabolomics studies have attracted considerable attention from researchers who are eager to reveal the mechanism behind the biomarkers that have been discovered by serum chemistry tests, histological tests, or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses. Metabolomics studies can be achieved in two ways, namely targeted and untargeted. Targeted metabolomics detects defined groups of metabolites, providing quantitative results with a high degree of sensitivity and data quality. The advantage of targeted metabolomics is that a complicated data process is not required, but that relatively limited information can be obtained in a single analysis. 
  • 1.1K
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Fabrication of Receptors, Devices for Quantification of Fluoride
Fluoride (F¯) is the most electronegative and lightest member of the halogen group of elements. The contamination of groundwater with inorganic fluoride is due to the withering of underground rocks and also due to increased globalization. According World Health Organisation (WHO) High fluoride concentration in groundwater beyond the permissible limit of 1.5 mg/L is a major threat to human and animal health. 
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cloud-Point Extraction
The production of food biomass waste has been increasing rapidly. This necessitates urgent measures to be taken so as to utilize them. Since most food biomass waste contains useful bioactive substances, cloud-point extraction (CPE) has emerged as a promising solution to valorize waste. CPE is an extraction method employed for the extraction and preconcentration of various chemical compounds, including polyphenols and flavonoids.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Sep 2023
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