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Topic Review
Immunotherapy in NSCLC
Despite numerous advances in targeted therapy and immunotherapy in the last decade, lung cancer continues to present the highest mortality rate of all cancers. Targeted therapy based on specific genomic alterations, together with PD-1 and CTLA-4 axis blocking-based immunotherapy, have significantly improved survival in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and both therapies are now well-established in this clinical setting. However, it is time for immunotherapy to be applied in patients with early-stage disease, which would be an important qualitative leap in the treatment of lung cancer patients with curative intent. Preliminary data from a multitude of studies are highly promising, but therapeutic decision-making should be guided by an understanding of the molecular features of the tumour and host.
  • 754
  • 27 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Hydroxypropyl-Acrylamide Polymer-Conjugated Pirarubicin (P-THP)
Hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA) polymer-conjugated pirarubicin (P-THP), an innovative polymer-conjugated anticancer drug, has highly tumor-specific distribution owing to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. The tumor-targeting EPR effect of macromolecules was originally described in solid tumors by Matsumura and Maeda (a coauthor of the present article) in 1986. The aberrant architecture of tumorous blood vessels, active production of various vascular permeability factors, and lack of lymphatic drainage in tumor tissue, constitute the tumor-specific conditions necessary for the EPR effect.
  • 754
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Breast Cancer Aptamers
The aptamer was also tested in vivo with mice models and was able to inhibit breast cancer progression. This aptamer proves promising for therapeutic treatment of breast cancer and likely sensing as well due to its high specificity and affinity. The RNA aptamer pegaptanib sodium, commonly shortened to pegaptanib, binds only to the VEGF165isoform, and selectively binds with the heparin-binding site.
  • 754
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Proton Therapy for Prostate Cancer
Proton therapy (PT) was first proposed by Robert R Wilson in 1946 because of the unique dosimetric property of proton beams known as the Bragg peak. In theory, a proton beam traversing a medium deposits a relatively small amount of radiation before it reaches the Bragg peak, and no radiation beyond it. The depth of the Bragg peak in the medium is determined by the energy of the protons. The dosimetric advantages of proton therapy (PT) treatment plans are demonstrably superior to photon-based external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) for localized prostate cancer, but the reported clinical outcomes are similar.
  • 754
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Boron Neutron Capture Therapy and Boron Delivery Agents
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a binary modality that is used to treat a variety of malignancies, using neutrons to irradiate boron-10 (10B) nuclei that have entered tumor cells to produce highly linear energy transfer (LET) alpha particles and recoil 7Li nuclei (10B [n, α] 7Li). The development of boron delivery agents has ushered in a new opportunity with the improvement of synthetic techniques and the increased understanding of the biochemical properties of groups.
  • 754
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Gastric Cancer with Peritoneal Metastases
Gastric cancer (GC) has a poor prognostic and only one in four patients will have survived by 5 years after diagnosis. These poor results are due to the fact that most patients are diagnosed in advanced stages; peritoneal metastases (PM) are especially frequent and are difficult to treat. PM are considered a terminal stage of GC with a poor survival rate and are treated with palliative systemic chemotherapy. The treatment of PM from different origins has evolved; cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) have become the treatment of choice for many malignant diseases that affect the peritoneum. CRS and HIPEC have also been used for patients with GC and PM, achieving survival results that have never been achieved when using systemic chemotherapy alone. The use of HIPEC can even prevent the development of peritoneal recurrences in patients with locally advanced GC as adjuvant therapy, can reduce the volume of peritoneal disease as neoadjuvant therapy, and can control symptoms in a palliative setting.
  • 754
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Rechallenge in Renal Cell Carcinoma
Immune checkpoint inhibitor-based therapies represent the current standard of care in the first-line treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma.
  • 754
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Carcinogenicity of Carbon Nanotubes
Malignant mesothelioma is an aggressive cancer of the membranes covering the lung and chest cavity (pleura) or the abdomen (peritoneum), mainly linked to asbestos exposure. Asbestos is a proven human carcinogen but its use is far from being universally banned and the forecasts on the incidence of mesothelioma over the next several years are far from optimistic. Carbon nanotubes are a promising type of nano-materials used in the field of nanotechnology for a wide range of applications. However, the similarities between asbestos and CNTs have raised many concerns about their danger and are still the subject of intense research.
  • 753
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Inhibition of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Sensitizes Esophageal Cancer Cells
The standard treatment of locally advanced esophageal cancer comprises multimodal treatment concepts including preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) followed by radical surgical resection. However, despite intensified treatment approaches, 5-year survival rates are still low. Therefore, new strategies are required to overcome treatment resistance, and to improve patients’ outcome.
  • 753
  • 19 Oct 2021
Topic Review
MiRNAs/lncRNAs as Potential Biomarkers for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a heterogeneous malignancy with variable patient outcomes. There is still a lack of understanding about the different players involved in lymphomagenesis, and the identification of new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers is urgent. MicroRNAs and long non-coding RNAs emerged as master regulators of B-cell development, and their deregulation has been associated with the initiation and progression of lymphomagenesis. They can function by acting alone or, as recently proposed, by creating competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks. The study of miRNAs’ and lncRNAs’ deregulation in NHL, either alone or as ceRNAs networks, offers new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying lymphoma pathogenesis and opens a window of opportunity to identify potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.
  • 753
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Cancer Stem/Initiating Cells
CS/ICs have raised great expectations in cancer research and therapy, as eradication of this key cancer cell type is expected to lead to a complete cure. Unfortunately, the biology of CS/ICs is rather complex, since no common CS/IC marker has yet been identified. Certain surface markers or ALDH1 expression can be used for detection, but some studies indicated that cancer cells exhibit a certain plasticity, so CS/ICs can also arise from non-CS/ICs. Another problem is intratumoral heterogeneity, from which it can be inferred that different CS/IC subclones must be present in the tumor. 
  • 753
  • 06 May 2022
Topic Review
Immunotherapy and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
The combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors with target agents has been explored in hepatocellular carcinoma. The combination of an immunecheckpoint inhibitor with an anti-angiogenic drug has proved effectiveness as per the case of the IMBRAVE150 trial of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab mentioned above. Furthermore, novel immunotherapy and target agents combinations are currently being explored in first-line settings in different clinical trials to better define novel treatment opportunities for patients with HCC. 
  • 752
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment in Glial Neoplasm
Despite the multidisciplinary management in the treatment of glioblastomas, the average survival of GBM patients is still 15 months. In recent years, molecular biomarkers have gained more and more importance both in the diagnosis and therapy of glial tumors. At the same time, it has become clear that non neoplastic cells, which constitute about 30% of glioma mass, dramatically influence tumor growth, spread, and recurrence. This is the main reason why, in recent years, scientific research has been focused on understanding the function and the composition of tumor microenvironment and its role in gliomagenesis and recurrence.
  • 752
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Nanotechnologies and Lung Cancer Therapy
Lung cancer remains a major public health problem both in terms of incidence and specific mortality despite developments in terms of prevention, such as smoking reduction policies and clinical management advances. Better lung cancer prognosis could be achieved by early and accurate diagnosis and improved therapeutic interventions. Nanotechnology is a dynamic and fast-developing field; various medical applications have been developed and deployed, and more exist as proofs of concepts or experimental models.
  • 752
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Bacterial&Viral Pathogens in Gastric Carcinogenesis
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the deadliest malignancies worldwide. In contrast to many other tumor types, gastric carcinogenesis is tightly linked to infectious events. Infections with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacterium and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) are the two most investigated risk factors for GC. These pathogens infect more than half of the world’s population. Fortunately, only a small fraction of infected individuals develops GC, suggesting high complexity of tumorigenic processes in the human stomach. Recent studies suggest that the multifaceted interplay between microbial, environmental, and host genetic factors underlies gastric tumorigenesis. Many aspects of these interactions still remain unclear.
  • 751
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Application of FAPI PET/CT in Cancers
Cancer represents a major cause of death worldwide and is characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells that escape immune regulation. It is now understood that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which express specific fibroblast activation protein (FAP), are critical participants in tumor development and metastasis. Researchers have developed various FAP-targeted probes for imaging of different tumors from antibodies to boronic acid-based inhibitor molecules and determined that quinoline-based FAP inhibitors (FAPIs) are the most appropriate candidate as the radiopharmaceutical for FAPI PET/CT imaging. When applied clinically, FAPI PET/CT yielded satisfactory results.
  • 751
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Female Reproductive Hormones
Accumulating epidemiological studies have investigated a possible interconnection between migraine (Mi) and breast cancer (BC) because of the strong link between these diseases and female reproductive hormones. These hormones fluctuate within or outside a personal range over the lifespan. Approximately 75% of all BC express estrogen receptors (ER) and/or progesterone receptors (PR), commonly referred to as hormone receptors (HR).
  • 751
  • 26 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Significance of Angiogenesis Regulating lncRNAs in Cancer
In many cancers the current staging has limitations in terms of determining prognosis. Biomarkers are critical in completing clinical staging and improving the prediction of lymph node metastasis as well as in determining cancer prognosis. Several long noncoding ribonucleic acids (lncRNAs) are over-expressed in various cancer cell lines, as well as in preclinical cancer models and patients. These lncRNAs have been explored for possible clinical application as biomarkers and as targets for therapeutic intervention.
  • 750
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
US Breast Cancer Screening Recommendations
Rates of cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment decreased significantly in the US and other developed nations during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown (April 2020) and have since recovered, although not to baseline levels in many cases. For breast cancer, the USPSTF recommends biennial screening with mammography for women aged 50–74, while the ACS recommends annual screening for women aged 45–54, who may transition to biennial after 55. Breast cancer (BC) is the most common neoplasm (besides skin cancer) and the second leading cause of cancer death among women in the US.
  • 749
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy in Early-Stage NSCLC
The scenario of neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is rapidly evolving. As already happened for the advanced disease, also early stages have entered the era of precision medicine, with molecular analysis and Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) evaluation that by now can be considered a routine assessment. New treatment options have been approved, with osimertinib now part of clinical practice for Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor mutated (EGFRm) patients, and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) available after FDA approval both in the adjuvant (atezolizumab) and neoadjuvant (nivolumab) setting. Several clinical trials with specific-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and ICIs are ongoing, both with and without concomitant chemotherapy. As therapeutic strategies are rapidly expanding, quite a few questions remain unsettled, such as the optimal duration of adjuvant targeted therapy or the effective benefit of ICIs in early-stage EGFRm or ALK (Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase) rearranged patients, or the possibility to individuate high-risk patients after surgical resection assessing minimal residual disease (MRD) by ctDNA evaluation.
  • 749
  • 21 Jul 2022
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