Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy in Early-Stage NSCLC
The scenario of neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is rapidly evolving. As already happened for the advanced disease, also early stages have entered the era of precision medicine, with molecular analysis and Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) evaluation that by now can be considered a routine assessment. New treatment options have been approved, with osimertinib now part of clinical practice for Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor mutated (EGFRm) patients, and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) available after FDA approval both in the adjuvant (atezolizumab) and neoadjuvant (nivolumab) setting. Several clinical trials with specific-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and ICIs are ongoing, both with and without concomitant chemotherapy. As therapeutic strategies are rapidly expanding, quite a few questions remain unsettled, such as the optimal duration of adjuvant targeted therapy or the effective benefit of ICIs in early-stage EGFRm or ALK (Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase) rearranged patients, or the possibility to individuate high-risk patients after surgical resection assessing minimal residual disease (MRD) by ctDNA evaluation.
  • 765
  • 21 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Pathology in Glioma
Gliomas are the most common and aggressive primary brain tumors. Gliomas carry a poor prognosis because of the tumor’s resistance to radiation and chemotherapy leading to nearly universal recurrence. Large-scale genomic research have allowed for the development of more targeted therapies to treat glioma.
  • 765
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Prevention and Treatment of Oral Complications
Phase I, before initiation of cancer treatment (review of medical record and oral history, planning of preventive strategies and dental treatments); phase II, from initiation of chemo-radiotherapy to 30–45 days post-therapy (maintenance of oral hygiene, reinforcement of parent/patient education in oral care, prevention and treatment of complications derived from cancer treatment); phase III, from 1 year to lifetime (periodic check-ups, maintenance, and reinforcement of oral hygiene, dental treatments, symptomatic care of the effects of long-term cancer treatment). The use of standardised protocols can avoid or minimise oral cancer complications and the side effects of cancer therapies. 
  • 764
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Oncobiome in Gastroenteric Cancers
The microbiome, often referred to as the “forgotten organ”, comprises all the genetic material within a microbiota that represents ten times that of our cells. The microbiota includes various microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi and archaea. 
  • 764
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Effects of Natural Compounds on Luminal Tumors
Breast cancer (BC) is the most diagnosed cancer worldwide, mainly affecting the epithelial cells from the mammary glands. When it expresses the estrogen receptor (ER), the tumor is called luminal BC, which is eligible for endocrine therapy with hormone signaling blockade. Natural products are being continuously screened for treating cancer due to their chemical diversity, reduced toxicity, lower side effects, and low price.
  • 764
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
HPV/HIV Oncogenomics In Cervical Cancer
Histologically, cervical cancer can be divided into two main types, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (AC). SCC is the most common type accounting for over 70% of all cases. Cervical cancer can be attributed to various risk factors, and these include smoking, alcohol consumption, multiple sexual partners, unprotected sex, socioeconomic status, a family history of cervical cancer, extended use of oral contraceptives, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
  • 763
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Nanomedicine for Head and Neck Cancer
Head and neck cancers rank sixth among the most common cancers today, and the survival rate has remained virtually unchanged over the past 25 years, due to late diagnosis and ineffective treatments. They have two main risk factors, tobacco and alcohol, and human papillomavirus infection is a secondary risk factor. These cancers affect areas of the body that are fundamental for the five senses. Therefore, it is necessary to treat them effectively and non-invasively as early as possible, in order to do not compromise vital functions, which is not always possible with conventional treatments (chemotherapy or radiotherapy).
  • 763
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Cancer Stem/Initiating Cells
CS/ICs have raised great expectations in cancer research and therapy, as eradication of this key cancer cell type is expected to lead to a complete cure. Unfortunately, the biology of CS/ICs is rather complex, since no common CS/IC marker has yet been identified. Certain surface markers or ALDH1 expression can be used for detection, but some studies indicated that cancer cells exhibit a certain plasticity, so CS/ICs can also arise from non-CS/ICs. Another problem is intratumoral heterogeneity, from which it can be inferred that different CS/IC subclones must be present in the tumor. 
  • 763
  • 06 May 2022
Topic Review
Breast Cancer Genomics
Specific genomic alterations have been found in primary breast cancer involving driver mutations that result in tumorigenesis. Metastatic breast cancer, which is uncommon at the time of disease onset, variably impacts patients throughout the course of their disease. Both the molecular profiles and diverse genomic pathways vary in the development and progression of metastatic breast cancer. From the most common metastatic site (bone), to the rare sites such as orbital, gynecologic, or pancreatic metastases, different levels of gene expression indicate the potential involvement of numerous genes in the development and spread of breast cancer. Knowledge of these alterations can, not only help predict future disease, but also lead to advancement in breast cancer treatments.
  • 763
  • 06 Jul 2022
Topic Review
FOXM1 Inhibitors in Combination with Cytotoxic Chemotherapy
Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) is a transcription factor in the forkhead (FOX) family, which is required for cellular proliferation in normal and neoplastic cells. FOXM1 is highly expressed in many different cancers, and its expression is associated with a higher tumor stage and worse patient-related outcomes. Abnormally high expression of FOXM1 in cancers compared to normal tissue makes FOXM1 an attractive target for pharmacological inhibition. FOXM1-inhibiting agents and specific FOXM1-targeted small-molecule inhibitors have been developed in the lab and some of them have shown promising efficacy and safety profiles in mouse models. While the future goal is to translate FOXM1 inhibitors to clinical trials, potential synergistic drug combinations can maximize anti-tumor efficacy while minimizing off-target side effects.
  • 763
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
HRQOL in Oral Cancer Patients
The scope of the present entry was to highlight possible sources of bias that could be encountered when evaluating HRQOL (Health-Related Quality of Life) in patients treated for oral cancer. The second aim was to lay the foundation of a standardized protocol for cohort selection, data collection, and stratification that could enhance knowledge in the field.
  • 762
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
18F-fluorodeoxyglucose Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles
The glucose analogue 2-(18F)fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-2-FDG) is a well-known positron emission tomography (PET) imaging radiotracer.
  • 762
  • 28 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Paraneoplastic Syndromes in Patients with Keratinocyte Skin Cancer
A variety of well-characterized cutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS) are diagnosed during internal malignancies; however, the spectrum of keratinocyte skin neoplasms (KSC) related to PNS is still obscure. Aim of the present research synthesis was to provide a typology of the spectrum of these PNS based on a focused literature search.
  • 761
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Immunotherapy and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
The combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors with target agents has been explored in hepatocellular carcinoma. The combination of an immunecheckpoint inhibitor with an anti-angiogenic drug has proved effectiveness as per the case of the IMBRAVE150 trial of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab mentioned above. Furthermore, novel immunotherapy and target agents combinations are currently being explored in first-line settings in different clinical trials to better define novel treatment opportunities for patients with HCC. 
  • 761
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Biomarkers of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a cancer that arises from the squamous epithelial cells that cover the lateral wall of the nasopharynx. In contrast to head and neck cancers, NPC has a distinct epidemiology, pathology, clinical characteristics, and treatment response. NPC is an endemic form of malignancy in certain parts of the world.
  • 760
  • 23 Jul 2021
Topic Review
LncRNA in Tumors Development
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are the largest groups of ribonucleic acids, but, despite the increasing amount of literature data, the least understood. Given the involvement of lncRNA in basic cellular processes, especially in the regulation of transcription, the role of these noncoding molecules seems to be of great importance for the proper functioning of the organism. Studies have shown a relationship between disturbed lncRNA expression and the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer.
  • 760
  • 03 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Rechallenge in Renal Cell Carcinoma
Immune checkpoint inhibitor-based therapies represent the current standard of care in the first-line treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma.
  • 760
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Gastric Cancer with Peritoneal Metastases
Gastric cancer (GC) has a poor prognostic and only one in four patients will have survived by 5 years after diagnosis. These poor results are due to the fact that most patients are diagnosed in advanced stages; peritoneal metastases (PM) are especially frequent and are difficult to treat. PM are considered a terminal stage of GC with a poor survival rate and are treated with palliative systemic chemotherapy. The treatment of PM from different origins has evolved; cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) have become the treatment of choice for many malignant diseases that affect the peritoneum. CRS and HIPEC have also been used for patients with GC and PM, achieving survival results that have never been achieved when using systemic chemotherapy alone. The use of HIPEC can even prevent the development of peritoneal recurrences in patients with locally advanced GC as adjuvant therapy, can reduce the volume of peritoneal disease as neoadjuvant therapy, and can control symptoms in a palliative setting.
  • 759
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Depsipeptides Targeting Tumor Cells
Cancer is considered one of the most threatening diseases worldwide. Diet could be one of the factors that can be enhanced to comprehensively address a cancer patient’s condition. Unfortunately, most molecules capable of targeting cancer cells are found in uncommon food sources. Among them, depsipeptides have emerged as one of the most reliable choices for cancer treatment. These cyclic amino acid oligomers, with one or more subunits replaced by a hydroxylated carboxylic acid resulting in one lactone bond in a core ring, have broadly proven their cancer-targeting efficacy, some even reaching clinical trials and being commercialized as “anticancer” drugs.
  • 759
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Merkel Cell Polyomavirus and β Human Papillomavirus Types
Oncogenic viruses are recognized to be involved in some cancers, based on very well-established criteria of carcinogenicity. For cervical cancer and liver cancer, the responsible viruses are well-known (e.g., HPV, HBV); in the case of skin cancer, there are still many studies which are trying to identify the possible viral etiologic agents as principal co-factors in the oncogenic process. In order to optimize the management of skin cancer, a health condition of very high importance, it would be ideal that the screening of skin cancer for these two analysed viruses (MCPyV and beta HPV types) to be implemented in each region’s/country’s cancer centres’ molecular detection diagnostic platforms, with multiplex viral capability, optimal sensitivity, and specificity; clinically validated, and if possible, at acceptable costs. For confirmatory diagnosis of skin cancer, another method should be used, with a different principle, such as immunohistochemistry, with specific antibodies for each virus.
  • 758
  • 17 Jun 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 129
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback