Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Regulation of Paneth Cell Function
Paneth cells are specialized intestinal epithelial cells that are located at the base of small intestinal crypts and play a vital role in preserving the gut epithelium homeostasis. Paneth cells act as a safeguard from bacterial translocation across the epithelium and constitute the niche for intestinal stem cells in the small intestine by providing multiple niche signals.
  • 1.6K
  • 15 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Mutualism
From an ecological perspective, relationships range from to mutualism (i.e., beneficial/beneficial) to parasitism (i.e., beneficial/harmful). Mutualism in international production can be defined as international production that enables socially sustainable mutual prosperity growth between all countries involved in the international production.
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Energy Transitions in Western Europe
Shifting from fossil to renewable energy sources is a major global challenge, and in this context, the European Union has promoted sustainable and environmentally friendly growth as early as the Maastricht Treaty of 1992. To date, European institutions have promulgated a series of environmental regulations and directives aimed at promoting and imposing adoption by member states of internal regulations. This entry focused on Western Europe, and it explores, for each state under analysis, energy policies adopted, the results achieved and recommendations for the future growth of renewable energy. The results show that in countries where energy policy is not fragmented, the yield in renewable energies has been higher, and also in the states where more and various forms of subsidies are foreseen, growth seems to be greater.
  • 1.6K
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Resistance Assessment in Aquacultures
Aquaculture is a new food production sector that has been increasing dramatically over the last two decades due to the high demand for a healthy protein source. The aquaculture production figures indicate a substantial increase in the relative contribution of aquaculture to total fish consumption from 5% in 1962 to 49% in 2002. The use of antimicrobials in aquaculture, even at subinhibitory concentrations, has been promoting antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from the aquatic environment. New omics tools and approaches pave the way for the assessment of antimicrobial resistance in these environments.
  • 1.6K
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
CNSL as a Source of Alzheimer's Drug Leads
Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), a natural oil and a byproduct of cashew nut food processing, with a high content of phenolic lipids. The rational modification of their structures has emerged as a successful medicinal chemistry approach to the development of novel anti-AD lead candidates. The biological profile of the newly developed CNSL derivatives towards validated AD targets will be discussed together with the role of these molecular targets in the context of AD pathogenesis.
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Plant Secondary Metabolites as Biopesticides
Plant extracts and pure plant-derived substances with promising biological activity and the potential to be used as biopesticides for stored products. The main aim of biopesticides is to be effective against target pests, without harming humans and the environment. 
  • 1.6K
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Body Membrane Extracellular Matrix
The membranous extracellular matrix (ECM) decellularized from body membranes (e.g., pleura, peritoneum, and amniotic membrane, etc) retain multiple bioactive components like collagen, laminin, fibronectin, growth factors, and polysaccharide. In addition, they also possess ultrastructure features similar to that of the natural tissues with distinct advantage in  high density  cell seeding, the migration of repair cells from adjacent tissues, and the mass exchange between tissues. These merits make membranous ECM scaffolds extremely attractive in regenerative medicine including but not limited to skin wound healing.
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Field Measurement Studies on Indoor Air Quality
The Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is one of the key factors that influence the quality of the indoor environment, as well as the human health.
  • 1.6K
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
IoT Intrusion Detection Using Feature Selection Method
The Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem has experienced significant growth in data traffic and consequently high dimensionality. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) are essential self-protective tools against various cyber-attacks. However, IoT IDS systems face significant challenges due to functional and physical diversity. These IoT characteristics make exploiting all features and attributes for IDS self-protection difficult and unrealistic. 
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Renewable Energy and Economic Growth
The clean development mechanism entails a vast deployment of renewable energy technologies to enhance sustainable development. Energy security is quickly becoming a reality as various renewable energy supplies are exploited because of their potential for mitigating GHG emissions. As part of the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), the Kyoto Protocol incorporates the idea of a “clean development framework”. Developed nations would contribute to emission reduction measures, which would then fund renewable energy programs in the developing world. Increasing the usage of green technology and renewable energy sources can help address this problem. However, mass sustainable energy development faces a few obstacles, including unpredictability, input–output cost analysis, higher manufacturing costs, and a lack of knowledge and financial resources. Renewable energy sources are critical to a country’s overall growth. Developing countries must increase their reliance on renewable energy sources.
  • 1.6K
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Tuberculin
Tuberculin, also known as purified protein derivative, is a combination of proteins that are used in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. This use is referred to as the tuberculin skin test and is recommended only for those at high risk. Reliable administration of the skin test requires large amounts of training, supervision, and practice. Injection is done into the skin. After 48 to 72 hours, if there is more than a five to ten millimeter area of swelling, the test is considered positive. Common side effects include redness, itchiness, and pain at the site of injection. Allergic reactions may occasionally occur. The test may be falsely positive in those who have been previously vaccinated with BCG or have been infected by other types of mycobacteria. The test may be falsely negative within ten weeks of infection, in those less than six months old, and in those who have been infected for many years. Use is safe in pregnancy. Tuberculin was discovered in 1890 by Robert Koch. Koch, best known for his work on the etiology of tuberculosis (TB), laid down various rigorous guidelines that aided the establishment between a pathogen and the specific disease that followed that were later named Koch's postulates. Although he initially believed it would cure tuberculosis, this was later disproved. Tuberculin is made from an extract of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Hydrodynamic Delivery
The principle of hydrodynamic delivery was initially used to develop a method for delivering plasmids into mouse hepatocytes through tail vein injection and has since been expanded for use in delivering various biologically active materials to cells in different organs of several animal species. 
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Stabilization of Essential Oil
Essential oils (EOs) have stability problems, including volatility, oxidation, photosensitivity, heat sensitivity, humidity sensitivity, pH sensitivity, and ion sensitivity. A drug delivery system is an effective way to stabilize EOs, especially due to the protective effect of polymeric drug carriers. Polysaccharides are frequently employed as drug carrier materials because they are highly safe, come in a variety of forms, and have plentiful sources.
  • 1.6K
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
CuInS-Based Ternary Quantum Dots
The clinical translation of quantum dots (QDs) has gained much importance for the biomedical application. But the most used conventional QDs contains toxic heavy metals such as Pb, Cd and Hg. Hence, there is a need for an alternative material with similar optical properties and low cytotoxicity.  Among these materials, CuInS2 (CIS) QDs has attracted a lot of interest due to its direct bandgap in the infrared region, large optical absorption coefficient and low toxic composition. All these make it a good material for biomedical application. For further research on the material, there is a need for a critical review which summarise the various synthetic strategies, surface modification and Biological evaluation involved with CIS QDs. 
  • 1.6K
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Neoabolitionism
Neoabolitionist (or neo-abolitionist or new abolitionism) is a term used in historiography to characterize historians of race relations motivated by the spirit of racial equality typified by the abolitionists who fought to abolish slavery in the mid-19th century. They write especially about African-American history, slavery, the American Civil War and the Reconstruction Era. As abolitionists had worked in the 19th century to end slavery and provide equal rights under the US Constitution to blacks, the new activists worked to enforce constitutional rights for all citizens and restore equality under the law for African Americans, including suffrage and civil rights. In the late 20th century some historians emphasized the worlds of African Americans in their own words, in their own communities, to recognize them as agents, not victims. Publishing in the mid-1960s and through the 20th century, a new generation of historians began to revise traditional accounts of slavery in the United States, reconstruction, racial segregation and Jim Crow laws. Some major historians began to apply the term "neoabolitionist" to such historians, and some of this group identified as such.
  • 1.6K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Biography
George C. Williams
George Christopher Williams (May 12, 1926 – September 8, 2010) was an United States evolutionary biologist.[1][2][3] Williams was a professor of biology at the State University of New York at Stony Brook who was best known for his vigorous critique of group selection. The work of Williams in this area, along with W. D. Hamilton, John Maynard Smith, Richard Dawkins, and others led to the devel
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cell-Penetrating Peptides in Development of Transgenic Plants
The peptide-based gene delivery system, mediated by cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), has been regarded as a promising non-viral tool for efficient and stable gene transfection into both animal and plant cells. CPPs are short peptides with diverse sequences and functionalities, capable of agitating plasma membrane and entering cells. Various basic, amphipathic, cyclic, and branched CPPs were designed, and modifications of functional groups were performed to enhance DNA interaction and stabilization in transgenesis.
  • 1.6K
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Prognostic Factors in Spica Cast MRI
Closed reduction followed by spica casting is a conservative treatment for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can verify proper closed reduction of the dysplastic hip. The abduction angle is the only influencing factor for improved development of the DDH. No other prognostic factors in MRI measurements, such as gender, age at time of the first spica cast, or treatment involving overhead extension were found to be predictive of mid-term outcome. Mild residual dysplasia in the first follow-up X-ray warrants further observation.
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Big Data Concepts
The entries consolidates the main concepts about Big Data modeling and management. The characterization and the definitions about structured, semi-structured and unstructured data.
  • 1.6K
  • 04 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Methods for Residual Stress Testing
This entry introduces several commonly used residual stress measurement methods.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Oct 2020
  • Page
  • of
  • 2800
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback