Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Machine Learning and Image Processing
Images constitute one of the most important forms of communication used by society and contain a large amount of important information. The human vision system is usually the first form of contact with media and has the ability to naturally extract important, and sometimes subtle, information, enabling the execution of different tasks, from the simplest, such as identifying objects, to the more complex, such as the creation and integration of knowledge. However, this system is limited to the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. On the contrary, computer systems have a more comprehensive coverage capacity, ranging from gamma to radio waves, which makes it possible to process a wide spectrum of images, covering a wide and varied field of applications. On the other hand, the exponential growth in the volume of images created and stored daily makes their analysis and processing a difficult task to implement outside the technological sphere. In this way, image processing through computational systems plays a fundamental role in extracting necessary and relevant information for carrying out different tasks in different contexts and application areas.
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Sechuran Fox
The Sechuran Fox (Lycalopex sechurae) is a small carnivorous mammal native to the arid coastal deserts of Peru and Ecuador. With its sandy-colored fur and distinctive facial markings, this fox species is adapted to the harsh and arid conditions of its habitat, where it plays a crucial role as a predator and scavenger. Despite facing threats from habitat loss and human encroachment, the Sechuran Fox demonstrates remarkable resilience in its unique desert ecosystem.
  • 1.6K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Gambian Mongoose
The Gambian Mongoose, scientifically known as Mungos gambianus, is a species of mongoose native to the African continent. Recognizable by its sleek, reddish-brown fur and long, tapering tail, this mongoose species inhabits a variety of habitats including forests, savannas, and agricultural areas. Highly adaptable and social animals, Gambian Mongooses are known for their cooperative hunting behavior and tight-knit family groups.
  • 1.6K
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Theoretical Concepts Underlying LSTM and BiLSTM Networks
Precise anticipation of electrical demand holds crucial importance for the optimal operation of power systems and the effective management of energy markets within the domain of energy planning. The primary aim of bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network is to enhance predictive performance by capturing intricate temporal patterns and interdependencies within time series data.
  • 1.6K
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Structure of Power QKD Network
Considering the complexity of the power grid environment and the diversity of power communication transmission losses, this paper proposes a quantum key distribution (QKD) network structure suitable for power business scenarios. Through the simulation of the power communication transmission environment, the performance indicators of quantum channels and data interaction channels in the power QKD system are tested and evaluated from six aspects, such as distance loss, galloping loss, splice loss, data traffic, encryption algorithm, and system stability. In the actual environment, this paper combines the production business to build a QKD network suitable for power scenarios, and conducts performance analysis. The experimental results show that the power QKD technology can meet the operation index requirements of power business, as well as provide a reference for the large-scale application of the technology.
  • 1.6K
  • 12 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Human Permanent Denervated Muscles Recovery
We demonstrated the long-term clinical value of co-activating thigh muscles through hbFES strategy using high currents and large surface electrodes. This Vienna Strategy is able to reverse, at clinically relevant levels, the adverse effects of Spinal Cord Injury (SCI), even in the worst-case scenario of complete lesion of lower motor neurons, as it may occur in complete conus and cauda equina syndrome. Continued regularly, hbFES for denervated, degenerating muscles helps to maintain healthier leg muscles and skin, reducing the risks of life-threatening SCI complications. By products of these studies are new approaches for counteracting aging muscle atrophy, new color clinical imaging of muscle tissue and Machine Learning Predictive Systems for skeletal muscle diagnostics and managements.
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Climate Change and Water Resources
Water resources are highly dependent on climatic variations. The quantification of climate change impacts on surface water availability is critical for agriculture production and flood management. The current study focuses on the projected streamflow variations in the transboundary Mangla Dam watershed. Precipitation and temperature changes combined with future water assessment in the watershed are projected by applying multiple downscaling techniques for three periods (2021–2039, 2040–2069, and 2070–2099). Streamflows are simulated by using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for the outputs of five global circulation models (GCMs) and their ensembles under two representative concentration pathways (RCPs). Spatial and temporal changes in defined future flow indexes, such as base streamflow, average flow, and high streamflow have been investigated in this study. Results depicted an overall increase in average annual flows under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 up until 2099. The maximum values of low flow, median flow, and high flows under RCP 4.5 were found to be 55.96 m3/s, 856.94 m3/s, and 7506.2 m3/s and under RCP 8.5, 63.29 m3/s, 945.26 m3/s, 7569.8 m3/s, respectively, for these ensembles GCMs till 2099. Under RCP 4.5, the maximum increases in maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), precipitation (Pr), and average annual streamflow were estimated as 5.3 °C, 2.0 °C, 128.4%, and 155.52%, respectively, up until 2099. In the case of RCP 8.5, the maximum increase in these hydro-metrological variables was up to 8.9 °C, 8.2 °C, 180.3%, and 181.56%, respectively, up until 2099. The increases in Tmax, Tmin, and Pr using ensemble GCMs under RCP 4.5 were found to be 1.95 °C, 1.68 °C and 93.28% (2021–2039), 1.84 °C, 1.34 °C, and 75.88%(2040–2069), 1.57 °C, 1.27 °C and 72.7% (2070–2099), respectively. Under RCP 8.5, the projected increases in Tmax, Tmin, and Pr using ensemble GCMs were found as 2.26 °C, 2.23 °C and 78.65% (2021–2039), 2.73 °C, 2.53 °C, and 83.79% (2040–2069), 2.80 °C, 2.63 °C and 67.89% (2070–2099), respectively. Three seasons (spring, winter, and autumn) showed a remarkable increase in streamflow, while the summer season showed a decrease in inflows. Based on modeling results, it is expected that the Mangla Watershed will experience more frequent extreme flow events in the future, due to climate change. These results indicate that the study of climate change's impact on the water resources under a suitable downscaling technique is imperative for proper planning and management of the water resources.
  • 1.6K
  • 23 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Food-Derived Protease Inhibitors
Plant protease inhibitors (PI) are usually small water-soluble proteins having many roles in the host biology, and they appear widely in the plant kingdom. Among many other functions in plant physiology, PIs are components of plants’ defensive systems. PIs protect plants against pathogens and also against herbivores; thus, several classes of PIs inhibiting mammal and insect digestive enzymes are often expressed in many plant tissues. PIs are present in many common food and feed plants. Many plant-derived PIs, such as Bowman-Birk inhibitors and Kunitz-type inhibitors, have been suggested to negatively affect dietary protein digestion by blocking the activity of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the human gastrointestinal system. In addition, some PIs may possess proinflammatory activities. However, there is also scientific evidence on some beneficial effects of PIs, for example, gut-related anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive activities in vitro and in vivo.
  • 1.6K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Cholesterol-to-Coprostanol Conversion
Cholesterol (examples of synonyms 3β-hydroxy-5-cholestene or 5-cholesten-3β-ol) in the intestine may be either absorbed or undergo microbial conversion to different metabolites, of which non-absorbable coprostanol (examples of synonyms 5β-cholestanol or 5β-cholestan-3β-ol) is the end and predominant product found in feces. Note that multiple synonyms can be employed for a same steroid molecule, which does not help the reader to find his way. Cholesterol is a 27-carbon molecule with a structure formed by a polycyclic ring skeleton with a trans A/B ring junction, a β-hydroxyl group in the equatorial position at C3 (i.e., in plane of the molecule), a double bond at C5 (Δ5double bond), two methyl groups at C10 and C13, and a side chain at C17 (A).
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Micro-Implants in Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics
Anchorage is one of the most important elements for successful orthodontic treatment. Traditionally, orthodontics employed teeth and extraoral or intraoral appliances for anchorage, often relying on the patient compliance for its effectiveness. Micro-implants (OMIs), also known in orthodontics as temporary anchorage devices (TAD) or mini-implants or mini-screws have been used to realize difficult orthodontic movements. Orthodontic mini-implants can be a powerful aid in resolving challenging malocclusions that require increased anchorage potential. Their use is versatile, minimally invasive, and proves a good ratio between costs and benefits of orthodontic treatments.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in Perivascular Adipose Tissue
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is a special type of ectopic fat depot that adheres to most vasculatures. PVAT has been shown to exert anticontractile effects on the blood vessels and confers protective effects against metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. PVAT plays a critical role in vascular homeostasis via secreting adipokine, hormones, and growth factors. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS; also known as NOS3 or NOSIII) is well-known for its role in the generation of vasoprotective nitric oxide (NO). eNOS is primarily expressed, but not exclusively, in endothelial cells, while studies have identified its expression in both adipocytes and endothelial cells of PVAT. PVAT eNOS is an important player in the protective role of PVAT.
  • 1.6K
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Oil Prices and the Hydrocarbon Markets
There are two streams of studies that investigate the impact of oil price shocks on the selected hydrocarbon prices. First, the empirical studies that presume, due to the global nature of the crude oil market, the world oil price is an exogenous determining variable to the evolution of the local hydrocarbon markets such as natural gas or natural gas liquids (NGLs). Second, recent empirical studies that have improved our understanding of the source of oil price changes. They treat the real price of oil as an endogenous variable, identify the causes underlying oil price shocks, and then evaluate the impact of structural supply and demand shocks on the other hydrocarbon prices. The first strand of studies does not represent a consensus on the relationship between crude oil and other hydrocarbon prices -- some demonstrate stable and asymmetric relationships and some find no relationship or a very weak relationship. The second strand of studies shows that oil supply-side shocks have a transitory and temporary impact while oil demand-side shocks have a persistent and permanent impact on other hydrocarbon prices. In addition, it shows that the structural shocks in the global crude oil market explain approximately 50% of the variation in the other hydrocarbon markets in the long run.
  • 1.6K
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
New Christian
New Christian (Spanish: cristiano nuevo; Portuguese: cristão-novo; Catalan: cristià nou) was a law-effective and social category developed from the 15th century onwards, and used in what is today Spain and Portugal as well as their New World colonies, to refer to Sephardi Jews and Muslims ("Moors") who had converted to the Catholic Church, often by force or coercion. It was developed and employed after the Reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula by the Catholic Monarchs. By law, the category of New Christian included not only recent converts, but also all their known baptized descendants with any fraction or quantum of New Christian blood up to the fourth generation, and then in Phillip II's reign it included any person with any fraction of New Christian blood "from time immemorial". In Portugal, it was only in 1772 that Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquess of Pombal, finally decreed an end to the legal distinction between New Christians and Old Christians.
  • 1.6K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Global Warming Policy Foundation
The Global Warming Policy Foundation (GWPF) is a lobby group in the United Kingdom whose stated aims are to challenge "extremely damaging and harmful policies" envisaged by governments to mitigate anthropogenic global warming. While their position is that the science of global warming or climate change is "not yet settled," the GWPF claims that its membership comes from a broad spectrum ranging from "the IPCC position through agnosticism to outright scepticism." The GWPF as well as some of its prominent members have been characterized as promoting climate change denial. In 2014, when the Charity Commission ruled that the GWPF had breached rules on impartiality, a non-charitable organisation called the "Global Warming Policy Forum" was created as a wholly owned subsidiary, to do lobbying that a charity could not. The GWPF website carries an array of articles "sceptical" of scientific findings of anthropogenic global warming and its impacts.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Alkaloids and Their General Applications
Alkaloids are organic chemical compounds with a cyclic ring structure containing one or more basic nitrogen atoms. They are widely distributed in nature and are found as naturally occurring secondary metabolites in both plants and animals.
  • 1.6K
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Lung Fibrosis after COVID-19
The incidence rate of post-COVID lung fibrosis can be estimated at 2–6% after a moderate illness. According to this estimation, the prevalence of post-COVID lung fibrosis will be from 10 to 30 patients per 10,000 populations, which is 30 times higher than the IPF prevalence.
  • 1.6K
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Ligands for Alzheimer’s Disease therapy
Despite tremendous research efforts at every level, globally, there is still a lack of effectivedrugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The biochemical mechanisms of this devastatingneurodegenerative disease are not yet clearly understood. This review analyses the relevance ofmultiple ligands in drug discovery for AD as a versatile toolbox for a polypharmacological approachto AD. Herein, we highlight major targets associated with AD, ranging from acetylcholine esterase(AChE), beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1), glycogen synthase kinase3 beta ( GSK-3β), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, monoamine oxidases (MAOs), metal ions inthe brain, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors, the third subtype of histamine receptor (H3 receptor),to phosphodiesterases (PDEs), along with a summary of their respective relationship to the diseasenetwork. In addition, a multitarget strategy for AD is presented, based on reported milestones in thisarea and the recent progress that has been achieved with multitargeted-directed ligands (MTDLs).Finally, the latest publications referencing the enlarged panel of new biological targets for AD relatedto the microglia are highlighted. However, the question of how to find meaningful combinations oftargets for an MTDLs approach remains unanswered.
  • 1.6K
  • 04 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Anti-Inflammatory Agents in Prostate Cancer
Chronic inflammation is a major cause of human cancers. The environmental factors, such as microbiome, dietary components, and obesity, provoke chronic inflammation in the prostate, which promotes cancer development and progression. Crosstalk between immune cells and cancer cells enhances the secretion of intercellular signaling molecules, such as cytokines and chemokines, thereby orchestrating the generation of inflammatory microenvironment. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play pivotal roles in inflammation-associated cancer by inhibiting effective anti-tumor immunity. Anti-inflammatory agents, such as aspirin, metformin, and statins, have potential application in chemoprevention of prostate cancer. Furthermore, pro-inflammatory immunity-targeted therapies may provide novel strategies to treat patients with cancer. Thus, anti-inflammatory agents are expected to suppress the “vicious cycle” created by immune and cancer cells and inhibit cancer progression. This review has explored the immune cells that facilitate prostate cancer development and progression, with particular focus on the application of anti-inflammatory agents for both chemoprevention and therapeutic approach in prostate cancer.
  • 1.6K
  • 01 May 2021
Topic Review
TRPM7
The transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 7 (TRPM7) is a ubiquitously expressed membrane protein, which forms a cation channel linked to a cytosolic protein kinase.
  • 1.6K
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Plant Polyphenols (PPs)
Polyphenols (PPs) are the naturally occurring bioactive components in fruits and vegetables, and they are the most abundant antioxidant in the human diet.
  • 1.6K
  • 24 Feb 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 2728
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback