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Topic Review
Nomenclature for Hydrogeological Instability Risks
The nomenclature for hydrogeological instability risks includes four main risks, which are distinguished according to the risk causes : 1) hydrogeological risk, that is slowly caused by natural factors (e.g. collapse landslides in a calcareous cliff in uninhabited areas and erosion along a marly-calcareous slope) in environments where human activities are minimal, i.e. woods, forests and mountain pastures; 2) hydraulic-pedological farming risk, that implies the occurrence of landslides in every winter and is caused by incorrect crop selection, not suitable for the soil and climate parameters (e.g. on a hilly slope with a clay vertisol type with a landslide having different fronts, when the arable land is cultivated with a cereal-legume crop rotation), or the presence of springs with missing drainage in clay soils with a high gradient;3) hydraulic-infrastructural risk, that is caused by the building up of infrastructures not suitable for the surrounding environment, as they change the downflow of shallow water; 4) hydraulic-infrastructural-pedological-management risk, that is caused by crop operations not suitable for soil and crop parameters, where the selected cultivated plant species are suitable for the environment and field improvements change water downflow (e.g. in soils along hilly calcarenite slopes cultivated with olive orchards, where up-down soil tillage causes shallow water erosion).
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities
In order to better facilitate ageing in place, naturally occurring retirement communities (NORCs), a concept that originated in the United States of America in the 1980s, have emerged as a model of collaborative care that can support older people, allowing them to remain in their homes as long as possible and avoid a shift to more restrictive environments.
  • 1.6K
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Molecular Dynamics Simulation in Protein Study
Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulations is increasingly used as a powerful tool to study protein structure-related questions. Starting from the early simulation study on the photoisomerization in rhodopsin in 1976, MD Simulations has been used to study protein function, protein stability, protein–protein interaction, enzymatic reactions and drug–protein interactions, and membrane proteins.
  • 1.6K
  • 08 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Genomic Adaptations of Saccharomyces Genus to Wine Niche
Under detrimental conditions such as those found during wine fermentation, yeast populations need to promote adaptive responses in order to survive in this harsh environment. Wine yeast has developed a plethora of genetic mechanisms to adapt to the wine niche, including variation of the copy number of certain genes, structural rearrangements, horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or interspecific hybridization. From this set of genomic adaptations, structural variations leading to duplications of genes, chromosomic segments, full chromosomes or even the complete genome are the major cause of adaptation. Besides its great impact by changing dosage, this structural variation can be the substrate for evolution and even the generation of new genes. 
  • 1.6K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Meermin (VOC Ship)
Meermin (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈmeːrmɪn] (listen)) was an 18th-century Dutch cargo ship of the hoeker type, one of many built and owned by the Dutch East India Company. She was laid down in 1759 and fitted out as a slave ship before her maiden voyage in 1761, and her career was cut short by a mutiny of her cargo of Malagasy people. They had been sold to Dutch East India Company officials on Madagascar , to be used as company slaves in its Cape Colony in southern Africa. Half her crew and almost 30 Malagasy lost their lives in the mutiny; the mutineers deliberately allowed the ship to drift aground off Struisbaai, now in South Africa, in March 1766, and she broke up in situ. As of 2013, archaeologists are searching for the Meermin's remains.
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Observation Seaplane
Observation seaplanes are military aircraft with flotation devices allowing them to land on and take off from water. Their primary purpose was to observe and report enemy movements or to spot the fall of shot from naval artillery, but some were armed with machineguns or bombs. Their military usefulness extended from World War I through World War II. They were typically single-engine machines with catapult-launch capability and a crew of one, two or three. Most were designed to be carried aboard warships, but they also operated from seashore harbors.
  • 1.6K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Historical Perspective of Microorganisms Involved in EBPR
The application of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has commonly been utilized worldwide. The EBPR in biological nutrient removal (BNR) systems is mainly carried out by a group of microorganisms known as polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs).
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Behavioral Addiction
Behavioral addiction is a form of addiction that involves a compulsion to engage in a rewarding non-substance-related behavior – sometimes called a natural reward – despite any negative consequences to the person's physical, mental, social or financial well-being. Addiction canonically refers to substance abuse; however, the term's connotation has been expanded to include behaviors that may lead to a reward (e.g., gambling, eating, or shopping) since the 1990s. A gene transcription factor known as ΔFosB has been identified as a necessary common factor involved in both behavioral and drug addictions, which are associated with the same set of neural adaptations in the reward system.
  • 1.6K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
List of Monarchs of Mercia
The Kingdom of Mercia was a state in the English Midlands from the 6th century to the 10th century. For some two hundred years from the mid-7th century onwards it was the dominant member of the Heptarchy and consequently the most powerful of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. During this period its rulers became the first English monarchs to assume such wide-ranging titles as King of Britain and King of the English. Spellings varied widely in this period, even within a single document, and a number of variants exist for the names given below. For example, the sound th was usually represented with the Old English letters ð or þ. For the Continental predecessors of the Mercians in Angeln, see List of kings of the Angles. For their successors see List of English monarchs.
  • 1.6K
  • 16 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Treatment of Lower Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis
Lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) leads to significant morbidity including pain, swelling, and difficulty walking in the affected limb. If left untreated, DVT increases the risk of pulmonary embolism (PE), recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE), and post thrombotic syndrome (PTS). The objective of this overview is to identify catheter-directed interventions for the treatment of lower extremity DVT. Percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy (PMT), catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT), and pharmacomechanical CDT (PCDT) devices are discussed in detail with a focus on their mechanism of action and indication of use. 
  • 1.6K
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Tremor in Parkinson’s Disease with Mechanical Devices
Parkinsonian tremors are sometimes confused with essential tremors or other conditions. Researchers conducted several studies on tremor evaluation using wearable sensors and devices, which may support an accurate diagnosis. Mechanical devices are also commonly used to treat tremors and have been actively researched and developed. Mechanical devices for tremor suppression include deep brain stimulation (DBS), electrical muscle stimulation, and orthosis. Adaptive DBS and optimization of stimulation parameters have been studied to improve treatment efficacy further. Due to developments using state-of-the-art techniques, effectiveness in diagnosing, evaluating, and suppressing tremors using these devices is satisfactorily high in many studies.
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Optimization of Independent Vector Analysis Algorithm
With the advent of the era of big data information, artificial intelligence (AI) methods have become extremely promising and attractive. It has become extremely important to extract useful signals by decomposing various mixed signals through blind source separation (BSS). BSS has been proven to have prominent applications in multichannel audio processing. For multichannel speech signals, independent component analysis (ICA) requires a certain statistical independence of source signals and other conditions to allow blind separation. independent vector analysis (IVA) is an extension of ICA for the simultaneous separation of multiple parallel mixed signals. IVA solves the problem of arrangement ambiguity caused by independent component analysis by exploiting the dependencies between source signal components and plays a crucial role in dealing with the problem of convolutional blind signal separation.
  • 1.6K
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
PKA-p38MAPK-NFAT5-Pathway and Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the absence of dystrophin from the dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAPC) causes muscle membrane instability, which leads to myofiber necrosis, hampered regeneration, and chronic inflammation. The resulting disabled DAPC-associated cellular pathways have been described both at the molecular and the therapeutical level, with the Toll-like receptor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells pathway (NF-ƘB), Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins, and the transforming growth factor-β pathways receiving the most attention. The protein kinase A/ mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5/organic osmolytes (PKA-p38MAPK-NFAT5-organic osmolytes) pathway. This pathway plays an important role in osmotic homeostasis essential to normal cell physiology via its regulation of the influx/efflux of organic osmolytes. Besides, NFAT5 plays an essential role in cell survival under hyperosmolar conditions, in skeletal muscle regeneration, and in tissue inflammation, closely interacting with the master regulator of inflammation NF-ƘB. 
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Factors Affecting Performance of FO/RO
Forward osmosis (FO) and pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) have gained attention recently as potential processes to solve water and energy scarcity problems with advantages over pressure-driven membrane processes. These processes can be designed to produce bioenergy and clean water at the same time (i.e., wastewater treatment with power generation). Despite having significant technological advancement, these bioenergy processes are yet to be implemented in full scale and commercialized due to its relatively low performance. Hence, massive and extensive research has been carried out to evaluate the variables in FO and PRO processes such as osmotic membrane, feed solutions, draw solutions, and operating conditions in order to maximize the outcomes, which include water flux and power density.
  • 1.6K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
LoRaWAN Technology
Low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technologies play a pivotal role in IoT applications, owing to their capability to meet the key IoT requirements (e.g., long range, low cost, small data volumes, massive device number, and low energy consumption). Between all obtainable LPWAN technologies, long-range wide-area network (LoRaWAN) technology has attracted much interest from both industry and academia due to networking autonomous architecture and an open standard specification. 
  • 1.6K
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Breath Analysis for Disease Diagnosis
Early-stage disease diagnosis is of particular importance for effective patient identification as well as their treatment. Lack of patient compliance for the existing diagnostic methods, however, limits prompt diagnosis, rendering the development of non-invasive diagnostic tools mandatory. One of the most promising non-invasive diagnostic methods that has also attracted great research interest is breath analysis; the method detects gas-analytes such as exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and inorganic gases that are considered to be important biomarkers for various disease-types. The diagnostic ability of gas-pattern detection using analytical techniques and especially sensors has been widely discussed in the literature; however, the incorporation of novel nanomaterials in sensor-development has also proved to enhance sensor performance, for both selective and cross-reactive applications.
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Municipal Solid Waste Landfilling Approaches
Finding a sustainable approach for municipal solid waste (MSW) management is becoming paramount. However, as with many urban areas in developing countries, the approach applied to MSW management in Karachi is neither environmentally sustainable nor suitable for public health. Due to adoption of an inefficient waste management system, society is paying intangible costs such as damage to public health and environment quality. In order to minimize the environmental impacts and health issues associated with waste management practices, a sustainable waste management and disposal strategy is required. 
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
KCNQ Channels
The broad distribution of voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKCs) in the human body makes them a critical component for the study of physiological and pathological function. Within the KCNQ family of VGKCs, these aqueous conduits serve an array of critical roles in homeostasis, especially in neural tissue.
  • 1.6K
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
ESG Disclosure and Firm Performance
The information on corporate non-financial practices can be summarized through the “three modern pillars” of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), which are the Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) pillars representing a measure of the CSR performance of a firm.
  • 1.6K
  • 04 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Color Coding Technology for Visualization
Color coding technology for data visualization Data visualization achieves its significance today due to information technology: big data processed in computers with capable visualization software, combined with statistical techniques and color coding on electronic displays. This article is about color coding technology for data visualization. Origins of color coding include rubrics, the Four Color Theorem of cartography and Jacques Bertin's 1967 book, The Semiology of Graphics. Contemporary color coding for data visualization is enabled by four technologies: statistics, color technology, displays and computing. Visualization of data was proceduralized by statisticians John Tukey and Edward Tufte in their respective landmark books Exploratory Data Analysis in 1977 and Visual Display of Quantitative Information in 1982. They did not emphasize the use of color. Others demonstrated the superiority of color coding to speed visual search of displayed information, and to locate and organize information of interest. A third prerequisite for color-coded data visualization is high-resolution, high-contrast, high-luminance color electronic displays. Honeywell Corporation and Boeing Corporation assembled technical data that are still germane to use of color displays. More recently, the US Federal Aviation Administration has published technical guidance for visualization of dynamic (air traffic) data on self-luminous color displays. Humans have an innate ability to perform color-coded visual search. Without training or practice, the search time with color coding can be reduced by a factor of ten or more, compared to a search of the same information display without color coding. 
  • 1.6K
  • 12 Oct 2022
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